Milgram Behavioural Study of Obedience Essay

The method used by Milgram was the laboratory experiment. The main advantage that Milgram had with this method was the amount of control he had over the situation. He controlled what the participants saw, heard and experienced and was able to manipulate their behaviour through what they were exposed to. This method also allowed accurate measurement of variables and the clear standardised procedures meant that replication was possible. The disadvantages of this method include low ecological validity and the influence of demand characteristics on the participants and it could be argued that they were behaving in the way that they thought was expected of them rather than producing natural behaviour. Milgram has also been heavily criticised regarding the ethics of this study (see below) . Was the sample representative? Milgram’s sample was a self-selected sample of 40 males obtained through advertising. This could be regarded as being a biased sample as they were all male American citizens. They were also volunteers and the majority of the population is unlikely to volunteer to take part in research and those who do may be atypical of the target population in some way. Hence there may be problems generalising from these results. What type of data was collected? The data collected was quantitative in that it involved measuring participants’ obedience level, numerically, in terms of how far up the voltage scale they were prepared to go. This type of data has the advantage of being easy to compare and statistically analyse. However, Milgram included no qualitative descriptions of why the participants obeyed or how they felt during the experiment although there are a few brief descriptions of participants’ behaviour during the experiment. Does this study have high or low Ecological Validity? As with all laboratory experiments there are problems with Milgram’s study regarding its ecological validity. It involved an extremely unusual task carried out under very artificial conditions and as such, is likely to have produced very unnatural behaviour from the participants. This has implications for the extent to which we can generalise from these results to real life situations and it can be argued that the study tells us nothing about obedience in everyday life but simply shows us how obedient these people were, in this environment, performing this task. Was the study ethical? Milgram’s study was probably one of the most unethical pieces of psychological research ever conducted. It can be criticised in terms of almost all the British Psychological Society Ethical Guidelines including informed consent, deception, right to withdraw and protection from harm. However, in Milgram’s defence, we can argue that he did not expect the participants to obey to the extent that they did or to find the task so stressful. He also conducted a thorough debriefing and follow-up monitoring of his participants. A survey conducted one year later revealed that 84% of the participants were glad to have taken part in the study and psychiatric examinations of them showed that none had suffered long term harm. What does this study tell us about Individual and Situational Explanations of behaviour? The individual explanation for the behaviour of the participants would be that it was something about them as people that caused them to obey, but a more realistic explanation is that the situation they were in influenced them and caused them to behave in the way that they did. Some of the aspects of the situation that may have influenced their behaviour include the formality of the location, the behaviour of the experimenter and the fact that it was an experiment for which they had volunteered and been paid. How useful is this research and to what extent can it be applied to everyday life? As stated previously, the stimulus for this study was the Holocaust and this study has contributed significantly to the discussions regarding the behaviour of the Germans at this time. In particular, it provides strong evidence against the ‘Germans are different’ hypothesis. It also gives a valuable insight into the power of situations and of authority. The results suggest that we have a natural tendency to obey authority figures even when we feel that what we are being asked to do is morally wrong. However, the applications are restricted by the methodological limitations such as low ecological validity and an unrepresentative sample.

North Korea at the Winter Olympics

North Koreas ruler repeatedly exhibits repulsive violations of human rights. Just thinking that we participated in the 2018 winter Olympics with this country gives me the hebegeebes. Kim Jong Un, the ruler of this ruthless, repulsive, regime, shows little to know recognition of human rights. I believe we have sullied the name of the United States by allowing North Koreas Participation. The Olympics are the international celebration of human excellence, Kim's North Korea falls far from the definition of excellence. Excellence is the quality of being outstanding or extremely good. Kim is power hungry and will stop at nothing to make sure he stays in power, or example he felt that his 67-year-old uncle was a threat to his power, so he had him stripped down to his bear skin and thrown in a cage of 120 dogs that had been starved for five days. Kim is mentally INSANE!!!North Korea is a dictatorship, Kim decides everything, and nobody can go against his wishes without punishment. North Korea is known to many as todays worst persecutor of Christians. For example, anyone caught with any contact with a missionary can be killed or tortured. In north Korea Kim has established political prison camps where men women and children can be found, it does not matter whether the person is young or old. To ensure his regimes success Kim has made sure that no one can leave. He underpays workers and raises the price of airline tickets for a time it would cost one person $8,000 to leave North Korea. Kim, his father, and his grandfather were all self-proclaimed gods. North Koreas calendar starts at the birth of Kim's grandfather instead of the birth of Christ. In North Korea in any way you turn it is not hard to find a statue of a previous ruler of a picture plastered across a wall. There is even a special place where you can visit the corpses of Kim's father and grandfather, because the mentally deranged Kim has them embalmed is glass cases. if this is not mentally ill then I don't know what is. We participated in the winter Olympics with these crazy people! Kim has also threatened to nuke us on multiple occasions. I conclude that if it were my decision I would not have let them participate in the winter Olympics.

The Importance of Understanding Diversity in a Business Setting

The Importance of Understanding Diversity in a Business Setting â€Å"Diversity is defined as real or perceived differences among people in race, ethnicity, sex, age, physical and mental ability, sexual orientation, religion, work and family status, weight and appearance, and other identity-based attributes that affect their interactions and relationships (Bell, 2012, p. 5)†. The work force of today is more diverse than ever, and the marketplace progressively more global.By 2010 the number of women in the U. S. labor force increased by almost 10 million, a growth rate almost one-third higher than that of men. The success of a workplace depends on a manger’s ability to promote a work environment that is inclusive to every person, and that allows every employee to reach his or her full potential (Gaines & Wilson, 2005). Benefits of a Diverse Workforce According to Bell (2012) there is a lot to be gained from a diverse workforce.Having employees’ who are from variou s backgrounds can improve the company’s marketing ability by being able to develop products that meet the needs and appeal to a more diverse population. By creating a reputation that values all types of employees can lead to better customer loyalty. Research has shown that groups of people with varying backgrounds bring differences that result in greater creativity and problem-solving abilities. These groups have also displayed more cooperative behaviors on group tasks.The benefits to having a diverse work force are many. Having a work environment centered on creating a comfortable and productive atmosphere requires management’s ability to understand that there are differences but that it is important to bridge these gaps and promote working together as a team. Managing a Diverse Workforce It is important as a manager to acknowledge differences, and promote diversity. Successful managers avoid using stereotypes, and generalities when communicating.Managers need to pay attention and respect people’s  values and beliefs. They should establish relationships with their employees’, and remember that each person has different talents and strengths. They can learn what works to motivate and reward each employee. Employees’ need continued support in working to their potential by having management provide ongoing opportunities for learning and development (Gaines & Wilson, 2005). Educating and offering classes on cultural diversity is a good way for employees to learn about how to interact and work productively with a diverse workforce.Left Handed in a Right Handed World Being left handed the ball sock experiment was interesting. I found that I have adapted in a lot of ways by becoming more ambidextrous. The most challenging part of the experiment was not having the use of both hands. I could not write legibly at all with my right hand, and I found when flipping through a magazine with my right hand I preferred to flip the â€Å"no rmal† way front to back. When I usually flip through a magazine using my left hand I prefer flipping from the back to front.It did give me an appreciation for the challenges faced by those who do not fit into what the society sees as normal. I felt I had a disability and it was challenging to do my normal everyday tasks, plus I got some strange looks from my family. I also learned that it is possible to adapt to new situations. Being a lefty my whole life I have been viewed as different from what is considered normal. Sure I can only use extremely sharp scissors to cut paper, and I can barely use a knife to cut my food but I have never looked at this as a negative thing, I have always felt it makes me special and unique.ConclusionIn closing a diverse workforce is quickly becoming what is normal for today. We must start becoming more aware and understanding of individuals who are not exactly like us. Management must adapt to these changes by realizing that there are many positi ve benefits to having a diverse work force and treat every employee as an individual with different strengths and talents. In order to successfully work in today’s business world we all must be open minded and willing to accept our differences and develop an appreciation for a more diverse population.

Roman Empire Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Roman Empire - Annotated Bibliography Example He taught Ancient history as well as Latin at the University of Willamette since 2006 to 2007. He taught a quite popular course on the Ancient Magic as well as on Roman Africa, a well received course as well. The author’s main focus is the growth of Rome from scratch into a big empire. He looks at its positioning, technology, the government and strategies employed for growth. Points supporting the growth of Rome include its position which was steep. The author uses this point to show how easy it was to defend the city against the attacks from enemies hence facilitating growth. Rome was ruled by a series of Kings who got advised by the senate that constituted of leading family heads in Rome. This point shows the leadership that lead to the growth of Rome. The way of life in Rome involved trade with centers being Rome cities. Cities were carefully planned by Roman engineers. This point shows how the economy grew hence the growth of the empire (Nice,

Ronald Wilson Reagan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ronald Wilson Reagan - Research Paper Example Personal Life: Ronald Reagan, the son of John Reagan, was born on February 6, 1911 and died on June 5, 2004. In his young years he used to live with his family in Tampico, but a few years later they went to live in Chicago. Initially his father was the supporter of Ku Klux Klan, the political group of America, but when he went through financial crises he turned against political parties and started negotiating against them . This situation created more problems for him and his family. As a result, both son and father became obsessive followers of Democratic Party headed by Franklin D. Roosevelt. Ronald was sent to Doral Senior High school in Dixon. He was a brilliant student and secured good position in class. He was interested in studying economics and sociology. Apart from studies he was highly interested in sports, especially in swimming and football. He also gained sports scholarship because of his outstanding performance in annual football match at Eureka College. After completing studies at high schools, he got job at the Davenport radio station as a sports commentator . A few years later he joined another radio station in Des Moines, where he gained fame and became one of the most famous sports announcer of the state. He got chance to work in Hollywood movies as well and he appeared as a leading actor in many hit movies. The famous movies in which he performed include Hollywood Hotel, An Angel from Texas, the Santa Fe Trial, the Voice of the Turtle and many others. He worked in movies not just to make money or for entertainment. When the Second World War started he ma de such training films for captains and other army men that help them defense the country3. Meanwhile, during the making of the movie Brother Rat he met the Hollywood actress Jane Wyman and they get married in 1940, but after eight years of marriage she left him because of Ronald`s involvement in the war. They had two children, Maureen Elizabeth and Michael Edward. When the parents were separated the mother got custody of both the kids. In 1947 Ronald was elected the leader of Screen Actor Guild. During his occupation of the post of a leader of the Screen Actors Guild in 1951, Nancy Davis, another beautiful actress of Hollywood, tried to approach him. Finally, they got married in a small church on March 4, 1952. They were blessed with two children, Patricia Ann in October 1952 and Ronald Prescott in May 1958. Governor of California: Before World War he remained passionate supporter of Democratic party, but later he changed his affiliation and joined Dwight Eisenhower`s Republican Pa rty. Soon he became a prominent member of the national political party. With the help of smear campaign, he won an easy victory and was selected as a governor of California4. After being announced a governor he worked with dedication, specifically for students, and gained fame in no time. Michael K. Deaver, another important political figure, took responsibility of scrutinizing Reagan`s presidential campaign. The main problem was that Reagan was sixty-eight years old by the time present government considered him as a suitable candidate for becoming the next president of America. His

Macro economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macro economics - Research Paper Example To understand the European Debt Crisis, the events leading up to 2009 must be thoroughly analyzed. On February 7th, 1992 the 13 member nations of the European Council gathered together to sign the Maastricht Treaty The purpose of the treaty was to lay out key financial rules for each member state to adhere to, with the long term goal being that of creating a union between the member states promoting economical growth and free trade. The treaty primarily encompassed four points: Firstly, a close monitor on inflation rates, ensuring that no member state was 1.5 percent higher than the average of the three best countries' rates. Secondly, tight regulation on the annual government deficit. Thirdly, member states would adhere to the currency exchange rates set by the European Monetary System (EMS). Finally, the nominal long-term interest rate should not be more than two percentage points higher than in the three lowest inflation member states. While all 13 members signed, at the end of 20 10 only four countries were able to abide by the policy for Government Debt. In essence, the members of the European Council were spending far more than they were bringing in. The inability for the European countries to manage their debt was the leading cause for the European Debt Crisis. (Arghyrou & Tsoukalas, 2011). ... The creation of the Euro in 1999 was a vehicle to ease trading between its member countries and therefore benefit their economies. The countries that were joined through the Euro were Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. After these countries were united, countries such as Greece were able to take advantage of the lending rates of 1-3% compared to previous rates of 6% or more. Banks lowered their rates as a result of their connection with countries like Germany. The banks reduced their rates on the basis of â€Å"tacit promise†, if Greece could not repay the loan, Germany would. The same rates were additionally offered to Portugal, Italy, Ireland, and Spain. Between 1999 and 2009 Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain, (PIIGS) with their new access to low interest rate loans, took on huge amounts of debt to fund the activities of their countries. This inflow of cash from the loans generated a f alse sense of prosperity in the countries created a 'bubble'. The loans to the countries were issued in exchange for Sovereign Bonds. When Greece announced it had financial difficulties it had a drastic impact on the sovereign bonds that were owned by the banks. The news led to an increase in the bond yields to above 7% indicating that the bond was distressed. As a result of Greece relying on deficit spending to cover their debt, issuing bonds was the only way they could manage, however, with the huge decline in their bond value they are currently not able to raise enough funds to stay solvent. In April of 2010, the Troika—the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the European Central Bank (ECB), and the European Commission (EC, the executive arm of the European Union)—structured a bailout

Compare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Compare - Essay Example In this paper, two passages are taken from two different writers namely Elie Wiesel and Cynthia Ozick. The aim of the paper is to undertake a comparative discussion on their writings namely â€Å"Night† and â€Å"The Shawl† respectively. This means that any major similarities or differences that are noticed in the two passages selected shall be discussed from the perspectives of the themes used by the writers, style of writing, themes covered in the writings, as well as any identified problems. Style of writing Reading through â€Å"Night† and â€Å"The Shawl†, readers get a sense of feeling that two different forms of writings are presented. This is rooted in the general approach used by the two writers, manifesting in the style of writing they used to present their work. Generally, â€Å"Night† is presented by Elie Wiesel from a more juvenile perspective of wording, making the whole style of writing easy to read and understand. There are not much use of literary devices and other technical literature terms. Rather, the reader to have a smooth flow of the storyline with no meandering of ideas entertained. The advantage that this had on the text was that it made it very easy for the reader to get along with the ideas being portrayed by the writer without any difficulty in understanding. Indeed, events were described in a down to earth approach making statements like â€Å"I decided to give my father lessons in marching in step, in keeping time. We began practicing in front of our block. I would command: ‘Left, right!’ and my father would try.† (PAGE 55). On the other hand, â€Å"the Shawl† is presented in a more classical manner, disbanding the use of naive and juvenile techniques to making the theme of the story flow. This was seen through several perspectives of the writing including the use of complex sentence structuring, idiomatic expressions and a number of literary devices. Along the way howev er, Ozick gets comic just as Elie had been throughout his writing by stating that of Stella who wanted to be in the shawl like Magda that â€Å"A thin girl of fourteen, too small with thin breasts of her own, Stella wanted to be wrapped in a shawl, hidden away, asleep, rocked by the march, a baby, around infant in arms† (PAGE 3). Themes The family as an agent of socialization Throughout both stories, the role of the family in society is clearly defined as both Ozick and Elie make statements that suggest that the family is an agent of socialization. By this, reference is being made to the larger concept of family and how the family plays its role in ensuring that the people that are born into it fit in perfectly. In â€Å"Night†, socialization is depicted as a bilateral responsibility between children and their parents. That is, parents socialize children and children socialize parents. The relationship between Elie and his father is shown to reflect the popular saying that if your parents take care of you for you to make teeth, you also take care of them till they loss their teeth. From another perspective, it could be said that the marching training that Elie gives to the father represents a reverse of role because it is fathers who are normally expected to teach their kids to walk. In â€Å"The Shawl† also, the role of family in socialization is resounded as Rosa makes frantic efforts to cater for her two daughters, Stella and Magda. Stella was 14 years and Magda was only 15 months. Due to economic

In what ways can Australia, as a middle power, use multilateralism to Essay

In what ways can Australia, as a middle power, use multilateralism to effectively pursue its foreign policy objectives - Essay Example In the international system, it is as well the prerogative of each nation to fight for their space on the decision making table. Multilateralism as an effort to coordinate the policies of two or more nations together can hence be used by Australia (Beeson 2011). This is supported by the fact that the hierarchy places Australia at a point where it is able to bring together the lower power and the top power as an intermediary. Australia’s diplomatic practice has a strong foundation and has existed for a very long time; it is possible to discern Australian diplomatic elements, which could be said to emphasize on idealism an even legalism (Sampson & Woolcock 2003). Using the available advantage of multilateralism, Australia attempts to achieve its pursuit of foreign policy objectives in the international arena competing with not only other middle power states but also the great power states (Ball 1997). In its quest, Australia faces quite a number of possibilities as well as limit s and constraining factors. Through multilateral corporation of Australia as a middle power, the country is able to direct its efforts of whatever manner in trying to maintain international peace and security. This is one way of penetrating it policies in the international platform (2013). It is prudent to note at this point that middle power status has always defined quality of Australian foreign policy a fact that has always made Australia be a very strong negotiator and protector of its rights without simply obeying the great and mighty (Ball 1997). Such capability also makes Australia a force and to the countries advantage, they are able to bring in their policies onto the international platform. Another way in which Australia is able to use multilateralism to further its foreign policy objectives is through the application of the principle of creative middle power diplomacy. This has an extended impact of aiding the country to enhance its interests (Sampson & Woolcock 2003). Au stralia, as a middle power state, should be strategic in its alliances, as this will affect its pursuit of foreign policies. With other grater layers in the field, Australia must strive to keep up with these powers, as they are the main influential factors in the pursuit of foreign policy objectives. This has been the case with Australia as seen in various instances where Australia allied with other great powers (Ball 1997); including the USA, the super power in a strategic attempt to promote its foreign policy objectives; one notable instance is the support of Bush’s presidency in the USA by Howard’s government (Beeson 2011). The system of interdependence is an important factor that sustains interaction between states in the international syste

Is the English Law on Ancillary Relief Defective Essay

Is the English Law on Ancillary Relief Defective - Essay Example In cases of divorce, nullity of marriage, judicial separation and presumption of death and dissolution of marriage in England and Wales, a party to the dissolved marriage may claim for pecuniary award for the determination of issues regarding consequential monetary matter. This court proceeding is formally called Ancillary Relief. It is that part of the course of action which determines the financial concern as between the parties to the marriage. In reality, once the husband and wife decide to annul their marriage, they usually see eye to eye and make up their minds to go through the process of divorce, taking into consideration the fact that they have earnestly thought about it over and over, including its consequences. Eventually, after the couple has finally decided to accept that their marriage is really over, they commence the discussion on issues regarding the children (if there be any) and the separation of their property. More often than not, the couple sorts out by agreement these aforesaid issues. Generally, for cases of divorce between spouses, where the applicant is a resident or domiciled in England, the English Courts have the jurisdiction to conclude and determine whether the granting of a decree of divorce is warranted under given circumstances. The process of ancillary relief is included in this procedure wherein the English Courts are given a wide range of discretion to decide the amount of relief to be awarded for the benefit of one of the spouses and/or their children. Considering the fact that jurisdiction is vested on the English Courts if the applicant is a resident or is domiciled in this country, it follows then that a foreign spouse who is domiciled and resident abroad may be granted a financial relief. But this is not to say that the rule on this situation is limitless. There are some cases where the courts have declined to issue orders of relief to those foreign spouses on the ground that the courts believed that it would be utterly ineffective to do so. One relevant case is the early case of Tallack v. Tallack [1927], where the court found that one respondent had no substantive link or effective connection with England, and the courts of the country where he is domiciled and resident would have rejected the execution of the English order, the English court refused to make an order of ancillary relief. The all-embracing and extensive scope of use by the English courts' legally sanctioned authority to decide between a variety of outcomes in determining the financial award for ancillary relief has the underlying moral basis of trying to preserve for each party their financial status as it would have been, had the marriage continued to subsist. [Sherwood v. Sherwood (1928)] On the other hand, ancillary relief of the English law is often criticized and condemned for being flawed by some jurists overseas. They claim that "it is inappropriate to the modern concept of matrimony as a partnership since it is 'a law of separation of assets' and that it is illogical in a marriage partnership in which in theory there should be 'community of property' unless there are special reasons for contracting out of such a position." In the landmark case of White v. White (2000), Lord Nicholls made a clear-cut statement that "(t)he statutory provisions lend no support to the idea that a claimant's financial needs, even interpreted generously and called

ETHICS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

ETHICS - Research Paper Example The code of ethics, however, is nothing if it is not applied to the activities of a business. One of the ways in which the activities of a business are framed for ethical conduct is through the application of law on how business is conducted. In this way, a sense of universality, at least within the context of a state, is managed in regard to ethical conduct. Laws are put into place to force corporations to behave in certain ways within the nation in order to conduct business in an ethically considered manner. The following essay will first discuss the various theories on ethics that provide a framework for the discussion of ethics. A discussion of law and ethics will allow for examples to be supplied of ways in which ethics and law work in concert to create a more morally responsible collaboration between business and society. A brief discussion about shareholder models of corporate governance in comparison to stakeholder models of corporate governance will provide a context for the concept of ethics as they are applied to business. The nature of business is not always in line with universally held views of ethics, however, in order to conduct business in a manner that is conducive to all parties impacted, ethics must be created to preserve social, cultural, and national states of morality. Business Ethics: Theories Ethical Fundamentalism Ethical fundamentalism is a theory in which the search for an ethical foundation is made through an outside source. According to Nagata â€Å"Fundamentalism is fast becoming the metaphor of choice in a quest to assign meaning to an ever widening range of ideas and behaviors, and it has recently migrated from its original narrow religious reference band to other domains† (481). In order to understand the parallel to religious considerations, one must assert the idea that in looking at a source or religious inspiration, one is looking to an outside source for how to frame behaviors or ideologies. In the search for founda tions of how to frame a business ethic, one might use a figure who represents a certain framework or an ideology that provides context to how an set of ethics is determined. Organizations that can be considered for its fundamentalist approach and through the strength of its work culture can be Wal-Mart and McDonalds. Both organizations have a foundation of ethics that are centered on the philosophies of their founders. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is based upon the concept of behavioral consequences. Bentham begins his discourse on utilitarianism by suggesting that there are two domains under which motivation is created: that of pleasure and pain. He calls these tow domains â€Å"sovereign masters†, having such power over actions that they are the contrasts that rule most all actions. He states â€Å"The principle of utility recognizes this subjugation, and assumes it for the foundation of that system, the object of which is to rear the fabric of felicity by the hands of re ason and of law† (Bentham 5). Bentham states that â€Å"By the principle of utility is meant that principle that approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency which it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question† (6). This can mean individual or community, or any

Overview of Telecommunications Sector in Kuwait Article

Overview of Telecommunications Sector in Kuwait - Article Example This has worked against Wataniya Telecom, for example, the company had to drop charges on incoming calls. In early 2009, there was a shift from mobile-to-mobile calls because charges for calling from fixed lines to mobile were abolished. This has resulted in the APRU levels declining and tighter competition prompting consumer price reduction. Telecoms revenues dropped to KD475.5m ($1.66bn) in 2009 from KD476m ($1.66bn) in 2008 though there was a 31.4% increase in net profits from KD82.4m ($288m) in 2008 to KD108.3m ($378.5m), 2009 (Business Management International 2010) Even as prices go down, the Telecommunications sector in the country is experiencing elasticity and is expecting further growth in subscriptions. There has also been an increased use of cell phones due to lower tariffs. This puts the sector in position to make up for the reduced revenue through increased utilisation of value-added services. The main focus in this sector now is the increase of broadband and mobile int ernet services. One telecommunications company in this sector, Wataniya’s recently acquired revenues of about 43%, and is a very important revenue generator for the country. At the end of 2009, some other companies in the sector were also very profitable. Telecom held 39% of the Kuwait market as compared to 15% for Viva and 46% for Zain, which are all companies in Kuwait telecommunications sector. Telecom also took about 30% of the new telecommunications subscriptions, as compared to 61% for Viva. The Telecommunications sector in Kuwait bundles its services, unlike other telecommunication companies. However, they sell handsets separately except for Blackberry and iPhone which are under promotion. Customers are given Blackberry and iPhone handsets for free after acquiring a pre-paid subscription and operating on pay-as-you-go basis. This has led to increased usage of mobile internet, therefore, a source for revenue from non-voice services.  

Hamburger - Patty Essay Example for Free

Hamburger Patty Essay How Many Hamburgers? The data: Charlie sells around 12 cases of hamburgers weekly. †¢Each case contains 80 hamburgers †¢Each hamburger patty costs $. 60 New vender offer is: †¢Week 1 order: 50 cases at $. 30 per patty †¢Then 15 cases for the next 12 weeks at $. 45 per patty Question 1. How many hamburgers does Charlie normally sell during the period of the contract? Charlie normally sells 12480 hamburgers during the period of the contract. 80 hamburgers (12 cases) = 960 hamburgers a week 960 hamburgers a week (13 weeks) = 12480 hamburgers during the period of the contract (13 weeks) 2. What is the total cost of the hamburger inventory for the period? The total cost of the hamburger inventory for the period is 28. 00. 12480 hamburgers ($0. 60) = $7488. 00 during the period of the contract. 3. How many hamburgers will Charlie need to purchase under the new vendor contract? Charlie will need to purchase 18400 hamburgers under the new vendor contract of 13 weeks. 50 cases (80 hamburgers) = 4000 hamburgers for week 1 15 cases (80 hamburgers) (12 weeks) = 14400 hamburgers for the next 12 weeks 4000 hamburgers (week 1) + 14400 hamburgers (12 weeks) = 18400 hamburgers during the period of the contract of 13 weeks. 4. What is the total cost of this inventory? The total cost of the hamburger inventory for the period is $7680. 00. 4000 hamburgers ($0. 30) = $1200. 00 14400 hamburgers ($0. 45) = $6480. 00 $1200. 00 + $6480. 00 = $7680. 00 during the period of the contract. 5. What is the average cost of a hamburger under this deal? (Round to the nearest cent. ) The average cost of a hamburger under the new deal is $0. 42 $7680. 00 / 18400 hamburgers = $0. 42 (. 4173†¦.. 3) 6. What is the percent savings per hamburger under the new deal? The percent savings per hamburger under the new deal is 30 % $0. 60 $0. 42 = $0. 18 $0. 18 / $0. 60 = . 3 .3 (100) = 30% 7. What is the total cost savings? If Charlie accepts the new deal, rather than buying the same amount of burgers from his current vendor, what is the total cost savings? The total cost saving is $3360. 00 $11040. 00 $7680. 00 = $3360. 00 8. If hamburger sales remain stable at 12 cases per week during this period, how many hamburgers will Charlie have remaining in inventory at the end of 13 weeks? The remaining inventory at the end of 13 weeks is 5920 hamburgers 13 weeks (12 cases per week) (80 hamburgers) = 12480 hamburgers 18400 hamburgers – 12480 hamburgers = 5920 hamburgers. 9. If hamburger sales remain stable at 12 cases per week into the future, how many weeks will it take to sell the remaining hamburgers? (Round to the nearest week. ) It will take Charlie about 6 weeks to sell the remaining hamburgers after the contract period ends. 50 cases (week 1) + (15 cases * 12 weeks) = 230 cases in inventory 12 cases per week (13 weeks) = 156 cases sold in 13 weeks 230 cases – 156 cases sold = 74 cases remaining 74 cases remaining / 12 cases sold per week = 6 weeks (6. 166666†¦.. ) 10. If Joe can figure out a way to sell 14 cases a week, how many weeks will it take to sell the entire new vendor inventory? (Round to the nearest week. ) If Joe can figure out a way to sell 14 cases a week, it will take him about 16 weeks to sell the entire new inventory. 230 cases in inventory / 14 cases per week = 16 weeks (16. 428†¦. ) 11. Beyond the price per patty savings, what factors should Joe consider when advising Charlie whether or not to take the new deal? Some factors Joe should consider is will they have to pay the entire cost up front? Or can they make weekly payments? What are the payment terms on the new contract? Will they have enough space in the freezer to take in 50 cases and then another 15 cases per week for the next 12 weeks? Will they be able to sell the hamburger fast enough to store the rest of the cases if they don’t have enough room? Will they be able to sell the all hamburgers before they expire or go bad? If they don’t sell all the cases by the end of 13 weeks, will the next shipment come in and then they are over stock? Will the quality of the new patties be as good as the one they currently have? Will the customers like the new patties? Will they be able to sample the new patties before they decide to sign the contract? 12. The price per patty quoted by the new vendor is attractive, but is this a good deal for the restaurant? If the customers like the new patties, they have enough room in the freezer, and the patties will keep fresh for a long enough time, I think that the deal is great for the restaurant. 13. Beyond the cost savings, what other factors need to be considered before buying a lot more hamburgers than you have sold in the past? I think I cover the answer to this question in question 11. (Please refer to question 11) 14. How can Joe make this deal more attractive to Charlie? Joe can make this deal more attractive to Charlie by explaining that the restaurant will save about 30% per patty. Work out a deal with the vendor that if they are not satisfied with the new patties within a certain time frame they would be able to cancel the contract and explain it to Charlie the risk is minimum. If the patties are as good quality or better than the patty they currently have, the sales would stay the same or get better with better quality patties.

Is Urbanisation Good Or Bad Environmental Sciences Essay

Is Urbanisation Good Or Bad Environmental Sciences Essay Urbanization is a sign of human civilization and a centre of economy, politics and social life. When more modern buildings are being setting up, more farmers are coming into citys. It also means that more green areas and forests are disappearing. There is a series of environmental problems that have arisen. But I do not know whether urbanization is an advantage or disadvantage? This is the focus of attention in recent years for some people. The opinion of this essay is that urbanization is disadvantages out weighs its advantages. We can see a newly emerging community now: where there are supermarkets, schools, banks and so on. Without doubt several years ago, it was still the countryside. People depended on grazing and farming for live. This is the history of social reform and it is also the history of urbanization. Actually, what are the benefits for us of urbanization? It is firmly believe by this writer : Firstly, deal with the income. . The income in large areas is certainiy higher than that in small areas. Intuitively, the urban income is more than that in the countryside.For example, Shanghai residents in China, generaliy speaking, have higher living standards than those in other cities. Secondly, when incrcasing numbers of people flood into cities, the cities are often becoming larger and many people move out of the downtown area into the suburbs. This trend of urban construction is beneficial to the future cities development as whole. Thirdly, it provide development opportunities for big cities. With more people coming to the cities, urban development is experiencing a new round of leaping forward. In general, urban development is important for national economy development approach. While the economy is the level for the indicator of a country, urbanization is beneficial for us (Debroy,2009). Everything has two sides; as a balance, since it has a good side there must be a bad side. Then, what areas negative impact of urbanization on? Firstiy, a large amount of non-normal cultivated land has decreased, cities are built in the plain where has good natural conditions and it is also bulit in the best agricultural areas. By planning, Chinese urbanization will involve taking the national land 3% to 6%. The ratio seems to be small but the size is not small about 300 thousand to 600 thousand square km, which is equiralent to one-third or the half in Chinese plain of the total area. In fact, due to fast the development of urbanization, enclosure style is still prevalent. With the large number of luxury plant, buildings, variousimage projectsthe large fields and large tracts of former farmland disappeared, so many people in China had little arable land and the conflicts become more prominent. Only in recent years, the net loss reached 3800 million of cultivated land, this is the reason that results in a large number of landlessness, joblessness, insecure farmers and food production and successive landslide. Second is the issue of how urbanization.Urban growth is too fast and the cities are developing even larger with excessive concentration of population moving to the city in a short time.It inevitably generates a large number of unemployment, shortage of fresh water and energy supply, traffic congestion, increased crime, environment degradation and increased risk of various crises of phenomena. Some experts say that urbanization does not necessarily have a city disease, have a disease is rooted in the guiding ideology of one-side, unreasonable industrial structure and layout,low-density expansion,approach the development of city to overcome the disease,plan to reduce urban diseaseand management and treatment the city disease. The opinion was justified, but the problem is that can we guidelines one-side in practice? Can practive in a rational science? Can management be done strictly in place? Such as this summer in Beijing, a storm almost paralyzed the city traffic and in Shanghai, a strong wind and heavy rain that serious traffic jams and large-scale blackout happened. These incident exposed the urban construction and management of our problem is not essay.(Bnden,2010) the third point is the real estatebubble. Housing in many cities are too many and built up too quickly now. It has occupied a large number of bank funds. There will be a large number of houses left vacant and leading to economic crisis if severe over supply or the price exceed capacity of the public. Experience shows that the real estate bubble caused by the economic crisis take years to be back to life. fourthly, last but the most important point, which is a the modern problem of human concern : The environmental issues. Now, regardless of what is in the newspaper or on thewebsit or on TV there will always be some reports of environmental pollution that are caused by disasters. The most prominent is the issue of urban pollution: and one topic needing attention is the outstanding water pollution. Due to rapid urban population growth and rapid development of industry, a lot of water has not been properly dealt with and is put directly into the river.This causes serious damage to the water environment. The next type of pollution is the serious deterioration of air quality. The rapid development of industry, transportation and heavy use of fossil fuels has cause a serious deterioration in air quality by dust, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon oxide, ozone and other substancese into the atmosphere. The third pollution isoue is that of rubbish, were solid waste flooded and garbage is serious siege. Human life and production have created large amount of solid waste. At presently, China produces 660 million tons of industrial solid waste every year. There are 3000 to 4000 tons of hazardous waste in it, accumulated more than 64 million tons and it is occupying more than 500 million square meters land. Annual copacity of one ton of garbage and an annual groth rate is 7% to 8%.(Wang, 2000) From the point of views mentioned above, urbanization is like a balancing glant. On the one hand it promotes socio-economic development. On the other hand rapid urbanization will lead to the environment of human existence being devastated. It needs to find an equilibriurn that balances both sides. It not only enhances the socio-economic development but also minimize environmental pollution. But, what is the balance? And how to find the right one for effective? In general, the pace of urbanization should be robust and should maximize the benefits of urban expansion. We should avoid careless and blind thoughts about the disadvantages. There are some methods such as : promoting cycling and reducing by cars. This will not only reduce vehicle exhaust emission but also conserve the thenon-renewable resources of oil. We should raise awareness of human pollution, recycle waste by classification and strengthening the management of waste emissions from industrial enterprises and forth. Overall, urbanization is disadvantages more than its advantages .The government must plan for urban growth and development. It must make policies that will enhance sustainable land use and minimize ecological degradation. Urbanization is a cross-road which governments cannot ignore.

Theories of International Microeconomics

Theories of International Microeconomics 1. Introduction Economic theory can be considered as a system of ideas that contains a set of models designed to explain economic outcomes and make predictions for future events. The choice of the model will depend principally on the explanatory value and the certainty of the model in explaining current situations and predicting future outcomes. International trade is the difference between production and consumption. The theory of international trade has heavily been influenced by the works of classical economists. According to David Ricardo, trade occurs between countries because of differences in technology. For Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin, trade arises mainly due to differences in factor endowments and factor intensities of respective countries. 2. Ricardian Model The Ricardian Model was developed in 1817 by David Ricardo (1817) with two goods, two countries and a single input as components of the model. This model assumes differences in technology between countries as basis of trade. Ricardo stated that both countries could benefit from trade on the condition that labor input of countries should be different, irrespective of the fact that one country might has an absolute advantage in the production of both goods. Being a one factor model, the Ricardian Model is not the appropriate model to study the effects of technology on trade patterns because of its simplicity. 3. The Heckscher Ohlin Model The Heckscher Ohlin (HO) theory holds two assumptions; countries have different factor endowments and factor intensities as sources of differences in opportunity costs of production. Trade is restricted between 2 countries, 2 factors of production and 2 goods traded. This model generates 4 predictions: (a) The Heckscher – Ohlin theorem, whereby the capital abundant country will export the capital intensive good, (b) The Factor Price Equalization Theorem, with production of different goods, international trade will equalize factor prices, (c) The Stopler-Samuelson Theorem, with production of different goods, an increase in the price of a labor intensive good will reduce the real and relative return to capital and will increase the real and relative return of the labor intensive good, (d) The Rybczynski Theorem, with production of different goods, a rise in the endowment of labor, will lead to a more than proportionate increase in the output of the labor intensive good and a fa ll in the capital intensive good. 3. 1 The Heckscher – Ohlin Theorem The Heckscher – Ohlin theorem implies that a country will export those goods that are produced through intensive use of factors of production found locally in an abundant amount. In a 2 2 2 model, countries produce the same pair of commodities, engage in free trade in a competitive environment with countries benefitting from constant returns to scale in accordance with technology. The supply of factors of production is perfectly inelastic in both countries. These conditions are present when there is relative factor abundance. A second situation can arise where autarkic factor prices are present in both countries. Demand and supply conditions dictate autarkic factor prices. Despite a country being relatively abundant in labor, it may nonetheless impose autarkic wage rate if domestic preferences pattern strongly favors the labor intensive produced good relative to the foreign produced good. The trade pattern will reflect the factor price comparison between countries. 3.2 The Factor Price Equalization Theorem This theorem assumes a situation where there are 2 countries in free trade; they have different factor endowments but have the same level of technologies. If both countries are diversified and Factor Intensity Reversal (FIR) does not occur, factor price equalization will happen in these countries. For Heckscher, identical production techniques were prerequisite for the equalization of factor prices. Different factor prices can be a sufficient cause for international trade to happen. However, Heckscher did not account for the number of factors and international markets. The initial model was a 3 2 classical model with 3 factors such as land, labor and capital, and two goods: textile and machinery. 3.3 The Stopler-Samuelson Theorem The Stopler-Samuelson Theorem was developed as a 2 2 model, with two traded goods and two non – traded factors. It sets forth that an increase in the relative price of a good will lead to an increase of real return of that factor used intensively in producing that good and will reduce real return to the second factor. Four possible interpretations arise from this theorem: (a) winners and losers corollary; If a relative price change occurs, there will be a minimum of one loser ans one winner (b) Factor – industry detachment corollary; external price changes will have an impact on the return to a factor irrespective of which industry the factor is employed (c) scarce factor corollary 1; trade barriers will help a scarce factor; an abundant factor is hurt (d) scarce factor corollary 2; depending on the scarcity of the factors, trade barriers will help. 3.4 The Rybczynski Theorem The two – factor two good Rybczynski Theorem posits that if there is an increase in factor endowment of an industry that uses that factor fully, an increase in output is likely to occur compared to a decrease in output in the other industry. There are 4 levels of interpretation that can be observed from the Rybczynski Theorem: (a) a minimum of one Rybczynski derivative will be negative, (b) a homothetic relationship exists between output and factor supplies, (c) the relationship will be a linear one, (d) the total amount of current factor supplies is important. 4. International Trade: The Evidence International microeconomics seems little affected by empirical evidence. Despite trade flows being measured with the greatest accuracy, the data obtained has not been really reliable and to certain extent inaccessible. Empirical studies based on this data can hardly be reviewed or taken seriously as a proper revaluation of the theories proposed by classical economists. Attempts to bridge the gap between the trade patterns and the theoretical assumptions made by the various classical and neo classical models have been made and several problems arose. The first problem that rises is that international trade is arbitrage. This is principally due to price discrepancies governing the international markets. Autarkic prices differences have not been observed and these discrepancies are hypothetical in nature. There is no solid evidence as international trade gets rid of these discrepancies. Another difficulty linked to this is causality. Whatever the consequence, the human mind has always hoped that a single cause must be behind its initial inception. The Ricardian Model and the Heckscher Ohlin model are unicausal. Everything has a single root. For arbitrage in international trade, autarkic prices discrepancies cannot be the only explanation as to why there is arbitrage in the first place. Changes in factor endowments, tastes and preferences or difference s in technologies can form part of the supplementary explanations. In the last 4 decades, there have been 3 types of empirical studies on international trade. These are tests of the Ricardian and HO models, studies trying to find a link between bilateral trade, national incomes and geographical distances between trading countries, and finally, a number of informal accounts yet to be tested and accounted for. MacDougall (1951, 1952) carried out a study using 1939’s data for a UK-US comparison to find whether exports of good of different countries were correlated in pairs with third markets as the Ricardian model presumed. Results were positively and significant. Later empirical studies provided additional support to these results (MacDougall et al., 1962, Stern, 1962; Balassa, 1963) The assumption that consumers have homothetic preferences has been empirically refuted. Following studies carried out by Prebisch (1950) and Singer (1950), results have showed that the terms of trade for poor countries has been deteriorating continuously. As world economy experiences economic growth, the relative demand shifts from the South to the industrialized North, a region that specializes in goods with higher income elasticity. The South benefits little from improvement in production in exports sectors, principally because the extra purchasing power generated by lower southern commodities will be spent on purchase of northern commodities. Studies carried out by scholars affected significantly the reliability of the HO theorem. Patterns of trade were examined between US, West Germany, Japan and Canada with the rest of the world. Results obtained were not in consensus with the HO theorem whereas results of East Germany and India showed support (Bharadwaj, 1962; Leontief, 1953, 1956; Roskamp, 1961; Stolper and Roskamp, 1961; Tatemoto and Ichimura, 1959; and Wahl, 1961). Another study carried out by Clifton, Jr and Marxsen (1984) obtained relatively the same results. They used a multi-commodity, two-country, and two factor model to test for trade based on profit and wages instead of using capital and labor as factors of production. Results obtained show trade patterns for the year 1968 of Australia, Ireland, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, and the United States support the theorem while results of UK, Kenya and Israel do not. In his study to discover the sources of the success of the American industry for the years 1879, 1899, 1909, 1914, 1928, and 1940, Wright (1990) concluded that the capital to labor ratio was an important source of comparative advantage in the early years but it soon became a comparative disadvantage by 1940. Natural resources did not contribute to exports success in the 19th century but in the 20th century it impacted exports significantly. The reasons provided by the HO theorem that difference in capital and labor endowments are the primary reasons for trade is wrong and thus a need for further study in this area. The most important study of trade patterns through use of HO models was carried out by Leontief (1953). The results showed that in 1947, U.S imports were more capital intensive compared to labor than the ratio in U.S exports. This paradox exists if U.S is well endowed in capital. This paradox can be solved through 2 ways: (a) by creating demand or factor intensity reversals (FIRs), (b) the introduction of international technological differences. By introducing these solutions, the American labor intensive industries benefited from significant advantage in terms of costs arising due to factor endowments. Linnemann (1966) using data from more than 40 countries carried out a study to find a link between bilateral trade, national incomes and geographical distances between trading countries. He wanted to find answers relating to the bilateral trade volumes and trade size with different trading partners. Results illustrated that the volume of trade depends much on the geographical proximity of trading partners inclusive of transport costs. The importing country’s national income and the exporting country’s national income also had an impact on the size of tradable commodities. Minhas (1963) carried out a study to question the applicability of the FPE theorem due to the presence of Factor Intensity Reversals (FIRs). Minhas came to the conclusion that when elasticity of substitution differs between countries, FIRs are likely to occur. Through trade, equality of commodity prices will not guarantee a price equalization of factor prices in respective countries. Conclusion Trade occurs simply because of the price discrepancies that exist in the markets. Technological differences and factor endowments are the main reasons for these discrepancies. The numerous and complex literature on the Ricardian Model and Heckscher Ohlin Model have outlines various faults of these models but they nonetheless remain healthy. However, additional modifications need to be done. The models need to account for technological differences, multiple cones of diversification and home bias. References: Ronald Winthrop Jones. A, 1979, ‘International Trade: Essays in Theory’, Oxford North Holland Publishing Co, Amsterdam, New York Ronald Winthrop Jones. A and Kenen Peter B. (Eds.), 1984, Handbook of International Economics 3, North Holland Balassa, B. 1963, ‘An Empirical Demonstration of Classical Comparative Cost Theory’, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Aug, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 231-238 Mac Dougall, G. D. A, 1951, ‘British and American Exports: A Study Suggested by the Theory of Comparative Costs. Part I’, The Economic Journal, Dec, Vol. 61, No. 244, pp. 697-724 Mac Dougall, G. D. A, 1952, ‘British and American Exports: A Study Suggested by the Theory of Comparative Costs. Part II’, The Economic Journal, Aug, Vol. 62, No. 247, pp. 487-521 Feenstra Robert, C. 2002, ‘Advanced International Trade: Theory and Evidence’, University of California, Davis, and National Bureau of Economic Research, Aug. Prebisch, R. 1950, ‘The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems’, New York: United Nations, Econ. Comm. Latin America Clifton, D. S, Jr and William B. Marxsen, 1984, ‘An Empirical Investigation of the Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem’, The Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne dEconomique, Feb, Vol. 17, No. 1,pp. 32-38 Matsuyama, K., 2000, ‘A Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods under Nonhomothetic Preferences: Demand Complementarities, Income Distribution, and Northà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ South Trade’, Journal of Political Economy, Dec, Vol. 108, No. 6, pp. 1093-1120 Redding Stephen J., 2006, ‘Empirical Approaches to International Trade’, Oct, London School of Economics and CEPR

China’s Accession to the World Trade Organization Essay -- Essays Pape

China’s Accession to the World Trade Organization After almost 15 years of negotiations, China successfully entered the World Trade Organization on December 11, 2001. In less than three years since its accession, while China’s progress has been somewhat behind schedule, the country has made very significant changes that have helped transition it to a market economy and open the country to the multilateral trading system. Following the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations, The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995 as the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO is an international organization that watches over trade relationships between nations dealing with goods, services, intellectual property and investments. The main function of the WTO is â€Å"to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible† (â€Å"The World Trade Organization†). The WTO helps international cooperation by providing countries with a fair forum for resolving disputes over trade issues. Member countries bring their trade disputes to the WTO rather than acting unilaterally. The organization also strives to lower the cost of living and boost economic growth by reducing protectionism and promoting freer trade. Member countries enjoy the security the trading rules provide, but they are required to commit to opening their markets and abiding by the commitments they agreed to. The process of joining the World Trade Organization is very complicated. The country applying for membership must first describe all characteristics of its economic and trade policies. The prospective member will then begin parallel bilateral talks with member countries to n... ...eb. 2002. China & the WTO. 26 Nov. 2004. . â€Å"The World Trade Organization†¦..† April 2003. World Trade Organization. 7 Oct. 2004. . Walton, Julie. â€Å"WTO: China Enters Year Three.† The China Business Review. 24 Sept. 2004. The U.S.-China Business Council. 30 Sept. 2004. . â€Å"WTO Ministerial Conference approves China’s accession.† WTO News: 2001 Press Releases. April 2003. World Trade Organization. 30 Sept. 2004. . â€Å"WTO successfully concludes negotiations on China’s entry.† WTO News: 2001 Press Releases. April 2003. World Trade Organization. 30 Sept. 2004. .

Theodore Roethkes Poem Sale :: essays research papers

When you first read it, Theodore Roethke’s poem â€Å"Sale† seems like it is about a house that is empty and for sale. The metaphors, similes, connotation, and personification show the sadness of the house and the more important point. The poem is actually about the death of a grandfather and everything in the house seems to remind him of his grandfather and how his grandfather was an abusive man to him and the rest of his family. He is trying to let go lost memories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning of the poem Roethke writes, â€Å"-And an attic of horrors, a closet of fears.† (1.4). This is where you start to feel that the poem is about something more. He uses metaphors to describe the house, or in this case, what may have happened in the house. Roethke starts by saying that this house is for sale and he describes it like a regular house, but then all of these thoughts just hit the reader. It is not exactly yet clear that it may have been a death or whose death it was. But you can see that something had to have happened to fill the attic with horrors and to fill the closet with fears. It gives the aroma or sense of a death but doesn’t exactly say it. These things remind the author of bad things and bad memories. It just gives the poem an eerie connotation right there at the beginning of the poem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is more that reveals what Roethke is trying to say. Roethke writes, â€Å"The summer house shaped like a village band stand/–And grandfather’s sinister hovering hand.† (2.3,2.4). Roethke starts again by describing the house and things in it. And once again the reader gets hit with these thoughts. He uses a simile to describe the house as a village bandstand. A house that is alone and one of those places you go to getaway. The more important thing is that he uses a metaphor to say â€Å"-And grandfather’s sinister hovering hand.† He remembers that about the house. This is where the reader gets the thought that his grandfather was an abusive man. Roethke remembers that sinister hovering hand right before he was physically hurt. Like he is looking at the house and he is seeing the hand, because he was scarred with these memories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roethke describes his pain furthermore in the next stanza.

Is Charlies Operation a Success? Essay example -- English Literature

Is Charlie's Operation a Success? Many medical operations are performed everyday, and sometimes they can change a person’s life forever. They can alter the way a person thinks or their personality traits. Picture someone who is so determined to become smart, that they risk their own life for it. It could be just for a moment, their whole life, or it could not even work. In the book, Flowers for Algernon, Charlie Gordon did just this. He was a 32-year-old mentally challenged man, who worked at Donner’s Bakery as a janitor. Charlie risked his life in order to have an experimental operation, which could potentially make him smart forever and raise his IQ to above average or to the level of a genius. The operation that Charlie underwent had many consequences, and he had to pay a sad price for trying to get smarter. Charlie’s operation was unsuccessful because he experienced painful flashbacks concerning his childhood, it caused a dramatic change to his personality in comparison to what he was prior to his operation, and he also suffered from loneliness. Firstly, Charlie’s operation made him have many upsetting nightmares, like remembering painful memories of his childhood. As a child, children took advantage of Charlie, because he was mentally challenged. Even his mother and sister made fun of him, and were ashamed to be related to him. One particularly painful memory happened on Valentine’s Day. All the boys, including Charlie, had feelings for a girl named Harriet. Charlie wanted to give Harriet a card, so he asked one of his schoolmates, Hymie, to write, â€Å"Dear Harriet, I think you are the most prettiest girl in the whole world. I like you very much and I love you. I want you to be my valentime. Your friend, Charlie Gordon.† Hymie took advantage of the situation and wrote something dirty to make Harriet think that Charlie was a perverted person. Charlie did not realize what Hymie had done, and he gave the card to Harriet. She got mad at him, and her two older brothers, Gus and Oscar, beat up Charlie and k nocked his teeth out. This incident caused Charlie to move to a new school. (Keyes 37-38). Charlie was an innocent boy, and his fellow schoolmates took advantage of him. They caused him to move schools for no fault of his own. Similar to that situation, was a flashback Charlie had of his mother and sister who treated him like trash. Charlie’s mother, ... ...lity in comparison to what he was before he had the operation, and it also caused him to suffer from loneliness. Due to all of the negative effects of the operation, Charlie’s intelligence deteriorated, and he made the wise decision to stay at the Warren Home School. Charlie would have been better off without the experimental operation to make him smarter, because he would not have lost his friends, he would maintain his friendly personality, and he could continue to live the life he liked to live. The operation messed up Charlie’s life and caused him to lose everything he possessed. He always thought that people who were smart had more friends, but it turned out that after his operation, he lost all his friends and this proved his statement wrong. He describes this well when he says, â€Å"When I was retarded I had lots of friends. Now I have no one. † (Keyes 174). He realized that it is who ‘you are’ that takes to have a lot of friends. It is b est not to tamper with God’s creation and let things happen naturally. Whether good or bad happens in your life, you must have faith and trust in the plans that God has in store for everyone, or one day, people could end up like Charlie Gordon. Is Charlie's Operation a Success? Essay example -- English Literature Is Charlie's Operation a Success? Many medical operations are performed everyday, and sometimes they can change a person’s life forever. They can alter the way a person thinks or their personality traits. Picture someone who is so determined to become smart, that they risk their own life for it. It could be just for a moment, their whole life, or it could not even work. In the book, Flowers for Algernon, Charlie Gordon did just this. He was a 32-year-old mentally challenged man, who worked at Donner’s Bakery as a janitor. Charlie risked his life in order to have an experimental operation, which could potentially make him smart forever and raise his IQ to above average or to the level of a genius. The operation that Charlie underwent had many consequences, and he had to pay a sad price for trying to get smarter. Charlie’s operation was unsuccessful because he experienced painful flashbacks concerning his childhood, it caused a dramatic change to his personality in comparison to what he was prior to his operation, and he also suffered from loneliness. Firstly, Charlie’s operation made him have many upsetting nightmares, like remembering painful memories of his childhood. As a child, children took advantage of Charlie, because he was mentally challenged. Even his mother and sister made fun of him, and were ashamed to be related to him. One particularly painful memory happened on Valentine’s Day. All the boys, including Charlie, had feelings for a girl named Harriet. Charlie wanted to give Harriet a card, so he asked one of his schoolmates, Hymie, to write, â€Å"Dear Harriet, I think you are the most prettiest girl in the whole world. I like you very much and I love you. I want you to be my valentime. Your friend, Charlie Gordon.† Hymie took advantage of the situation and wrote something dirty to make Harriet think that Charlie was a perverted person. Charlie did not realize what Hymie had done, and he gave the card to Harriet. She got mad at him, and her two older brothers, Gus and Oscar, beat up Charlie and k nocked his teeth out. This incident caused Charlie to move to a new school. (Keyes 37-38). Charlie was an innocent boy, and his fellow schoolmates took advantage of him. They caused him to move schools for no fault of his own. Similar to that situation, was a flashback Charlie had of his mother and sister who treated him like trash. Charlie’s mother, ... ...lity in comparison to what he was before he had the operation, and it also caused him to suffer from loneliness. Due to all of the negative effects of the operation, Charlie’s intelligence deteriorated, and he made the wise decision to stay at the Warren Home School. Charlie would have been better off without the experimental operation to make him smarter, because he would not have lost his friends, he would maintain his friendly personality, and he could continue to live the life he liked to live. The operation messed up Charlie’s life and caused him to lose everything he possessed. He always thought that people who were smart had more friends, but it turned out that after his operation, he lost all his friends and this proved his statement wrong. He describes this well when he says, â€Å"When I was retarded I had lots of friends. Now I have no one. † (Keyes 174). He realized that it is who ‘you are’ that takes to have a lot of friends. It is b est not to tamper with God’s creation and let things happen naturally. Whether good or bad happens in your life, you must have faith and trust in the plans that God has in store for everyone, or one day, people could end up like Charlie Gordon.

Communication Plan Essay

Section II: Communication Plan Jim Jimenez, MGT311 Sept 11, 2013 Professor Jimenez Riordan Manufacturing Part II Communication Plan Strategy Riordan Manufacturing is implementing a Customer Management System across all its operating groups. The system is a critical business decision and is spearheaded by Riordan’s Senior Management Group. After a number of internal studies and review of our current information systems Riordan as an organizational group has determined that one central integrated Customer Management System (CMS) will position the organization to meet a number of key goals and marketing strategies that helps Riordan to meet our customers’ demands and growth requirements. Outline key concerns and what areas of the business will be impacted by the implementation of the CMS system. The CMS system will impact all areas of the Riordan’s operations. This is the reason upper management is taking a direct role in the presentation and implementation of this critical system. At the start of the year Riordan will post a number of notices at the December company meeting, in all the production floors banners will be placed with the production floors of all the Riordan’s manufacturing plants with the themed â€Å"Unifying a Global Team† as the CMS system change message. In January management will lead the kickoff of the CMS project with a company-wide presentation of the reasons for the CMS project, the impact on all operations, the impact for everyone and more importantly the benefits of the CMS project. Outline of the January presentation as follows: Areas affected by the CMS change: The CMS project will unify all database or information regarding our customers on one system. CMS will eliminate the problems faced by rapid growth and legacy software. Different regional groups complained that isolated system databases were not being updated and information was not accurate. CMS address all these requirements and  provides centralized database management. All divisions will be using the same software applications and data entered will be accurate across all the divisions’ regards of the geographical location. The need for a centralized and modern CMS system cannot be stressed. Our customer s are global, they are demanding immediate information across the different regions that Riordan operates. In order for Riordan to grow and provide the services our customer are demanding Riordan needs to change and keep up with our customers. Management realizes the CMS system will impact every employee at Riordan and has developed a training and development schedule that will be provided to management, supervisors, leads and to every employee that interfaces with the CMS system. Progress will be highlighted at our quarterly companywide meetings and regularly be highlighted in the Riordan What’s UP newsletter. Work Groups will be formed based on functional areas lead by group supervisors that will address any concerns and encourage everyone to learn and work with the new CMS system. In summary outlined of the new CMS system to be implemented at Riordan. January kickoff – Companywide presentation by management on the reasons for rolling out the CMS system. Review of all areas impacted, benefits and time schedule for implementation. Quarterly meetings – Companywide to present progress and highlight all our successes and any group or individual contributions to the success of the project. Mid-year (July) – Recap of how the CMS project is doing companywide at our family picnic and at all the production areas. Year-end Review and highlight all our Unified Global Team success ! In additions our monthly newsletter will present local success stories and how our employees are adapting to the new system. We will also have our production floor success parties focusing on local group success and provide ongoing status of the CMS implementation. s creating a new team for the newly designed CardiCare Value heart valves division. The task is to identify what strategy will be implemented to get this work team built and ready to take on the tasks for production of CardiCare Values. A number of strategies have been presented in MGT311. Following is a brief description of some of the team strategies that are effective in a manufacturing environment. Secondly a choice of what strategy to implement and the pros and cons (challenges) for selecting this  direction, implementation steps and what measures will be implemented to monitor if the strategy has been successful. According to Robbins & Jones Work Teams are positive synergies through coordinated effort, meaning the performance is greater than the sum of the individual inputs (page 315). Possible team strategies; Self-managed work teams are groups of employees (10 to 15 in number) who perform highly related or interdependent jobs and take on many of the responsibilities of thei r former supervisors. Cross-Functional Teams made up of employees from about the same hierarchical level but different work areas, coming together to accomplish a task, virtual team made up members that are not in the same physical location (definitely not a choice for this organization) and MBO or Management by Objectives which is a system in which managers and their employees jointly decide on goals, areas of responsibilities, and desired results. The new work group will be composted of many current managers, supervisors and employees from different departments. This intact group should help in getting a good running start and move forward quickly. Regardless if we are building a team existing or new members or members from other departments, temporary teams or task directed teams there are important rules that help in creating highly effective teams. Clear Purpose: group members must understand the goals and objectives for this production team. Employees should be provided with clear direction and it is critical that all managers and supervisors receive buy in (e.g. ownership) from the existing employees and make everyone aware that there are open lines of communication. Identify all areas of training and assessment of any skill development for all employees. Great that they know and are familiar with the organization, but they are now doing a new operation and this may require changes, or new ways to getting the job done right. Outline roles and assignments for all employees (managers, supervisors, leads and employees). Stress open communications and outline 30, 60 and 90 day team and group progress reports.

Outline the Current Legislation Essay

1.1 Outline the Current Legislation screening Home Based Childcargon and the economic consumption of Regulatory Bodies subtract One control 4 pieces of legislation that are of the essence(predicate) for office based kid-carers and how you would appearline these to Anjums parents? As I am addressing the Parents , I would communicate with them in a address that would help them understand the key cultivation, in a non-patronising, reassuring, profession and informative manner. Firstly, I would formulate what legislation is laws, rules and regulations passed by our governing body. I would then verb everyy touch on each act listed below and leave examples how this would launch them as individuals, thus avoiding overloading them with facts and figures, and fashioning the laws more personal to them.Four applicable pieces of legislation to home-based childcare are 1). The Childrens Act (2004), Every Child Matters paper, which identifies flipper outcomes for children Be heal thy. e.g healthy sassy foods, fresh air, exercise, regular nappy changes Stay gum elastic e.g health and safety to be adhered regarding food preparation, storing of medicines/cleaning equipment, regular risk assessments, hobby equipment & toy manufacturers guidelines, sanitary environment, appropriate skincare & protection when outside Enjoy and secure e.g lean through breeze with songs, puppets, puzzles and games. get ahead free play where Anjum can intake her own imagination to role play and eng epoch with the other children Make a positive contribution e.g encourage Anjum to be aware of the wider community around my conniption. remark different cultures, visit charity shops with an aged toy, sort out the recycling etc happen upon economic well-being e.g Initiate opportunities for children to fill up their potential by observing things they are good at and providing positive and encouraging feedback. How does this effect Anjum and her ParentsHere I would relieve tha t the above outcomes form the backbone of my setting experience, and the examples are a few I would maintain, of which the regulatory body OFSTED go forth inspect. 2). The equation Act (2010), which collectively covers that there should be no discrimination surrounded by racetrackMale/femaleDisabilitiesReligions/beliefsAge familiar orientationIndividuals who have undergone a depend upon changeHow does this effect Anjum and her ParentsHere I would explain how important it is to build a strong partnership between myself and the parents heedless of any of the factors above, and how I would like to assure this throughForming a relationship preliminary to joining the setting with settling-in visits for both Anjum and her Parents. lax communication with the Parents & exchanging information regularly. Valuing input and ideas from the Parents by encouraging them to be involved in decisions affecting their child. Ensuring that each child is welcomed in the setting, this can be achieve d by a warm greeting and a child friendly environment. Recognising individual needs by encouraging links with home e.g., popular blanket at nap time, ensuring Anjums faith or heritage is reflected in the activities, and that toys and equipment in the setting are age appropriate Creating links between home and the setting, e.g. a daily diary between parents and myself, scrap books for the children to share, photos.3). The Childcare Act (2006), which utilise theEYFS (Early Years Foundation Stage)OFSTED registersChildrens centres and extend schoolsLocal authorities to ensure competent childcare and information is providedFree primordial years 3-4 year old championshipHow does this effect Anjum and her ParentsHere I could explain current legislation covering the alteration subroutine and registration requirements such as training with my local authority and recapitulation by the regulatory body Ofsted, who manage evidence of EYFS at my practice. I will show them my registratio n certificate displayed on the w all told and a copy of my OFSTED report. 4). report of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations RIDDOR (1995), a law stating that proper(postnominal) accidents & incidents must(prenominal) be reportedHow does this effect Anjums ParentsI will have a bun in the oven Anjums Parents to view and sign my policies and procedure documents covering accidents, illness and emergencies and explain the pertinent forms with which I record illness and accidents.Part Two How would you go about outlining the regulatory body and its 4 roles to Anjums parents? Firstly, I would explain that OFSTED stands for the Office for Standards and Education, and is a government department responsible for the inspection of all childcare settings. They are responsible for Registration. I would explain this covers a CRB check on myself and the other adult over 16 living in my setting Inspection. once registered, my setting is inspected and a report careworn up reflecting the standard of service I offer.I would give Anjums Parents a copy of this report, and it would also be distinct on my website. Investigation. Should any concerns or complaints get up regarding my setting or service, OFSTED would investigate that I am meeting wellbeing requirements. Enforcement. In the case of me not meeting welfare requirements, OFSTED can take action against me. These quartet roles protect all children by safeguarding childrens welfare and ensuring that only suitable community offering proper premises, environment and equipment are able to practice childcare. Documentation and training, policies and procedures must be up to date and functional not only to view in written document, but also to security guard within the day to day streak of the setting.In ConclusionOnce I had verbally covered the above topics in a friendly, conversational manner, I would of fall back up all the information in a simple cross-file covering legislation and the reg ulatory bodies, including copies of all my registration and training certificates and further data link details and websites should they wish to find out further information, once they have digested what I have shared with them.

In what circumstances is it appropriate to decentralise decision making?

Decentralisation of decision making is the process of involving different people in an organization in making key significant changes whether these changes are policy based or otherwise, different levels of senior management are involved and their expertise and own opinion is sought before any changes are enacted. There are 2 public key decisions making methods in an organisation, namely centralized and decentralized, In the latter, only the top management is involved in making key changes and decisions which negative affect the whole organization.This system is advantageous in that, it is faster, reliable wired and less tasking. While it is still used in great majority of organizaions, most organizations are shifting to the decentralised scientific method and therefore are involving different levels of management in the important decision making process.They rely to make decisions and provide same direction for the company.Thirdly, decentralised decision making process is ideal whereby, primary key decisions are being made at departmental levels such as in production department. Empowering departmental heads to make key decisions perhaps pertaining to the purchasing of crucial dry ingredients as well as other technical areas late may require a decentralised decision making model. PAGE 2: Organisational culture empty can present difficulties for management initiated change programmes? connect Discuss Organisational culture refers to the employee – employer international relations which shape how the two parties interact and intermingle at the work place.Also, organisational culture can be shaped by, former employee backgrounds, external factors as well as the level of support accorded to the employees by the political organization staff.Each time a one-voice coverage is required, e.

On the other hand an organization culture which is negative leads to new customers shunning away so that, any well meant educational programmes will be fail to take better off since, negative publicity which the employees can advance in the process of interacting with the different stake holders also what does have a bearing on the outcome of the projects. Lastly, organizational culture determines total output in workers in that, a negative general attitude amongst employees is more likely to lead to new low output in that, it is highly correlated with time low morale and therefore productivity.PAGE 3: Discuss why managerial authority is so important to our understanding of organisations and technological how this power has to be legitimised logical not just by individual workers but by the international organisations culture. Failure to appreciate managerial authority stems original form a negative culture which in stead of pestering a mutual understanding between skilled work ers and employers causes tensions and such misunderstandings in an organization.in fiscal reporting, agility early may not be suitable.To achieve the above, management should work towards having logical and inculcating in the organization, the right culture. This best can be achieved (if it is lacking), through the launching of strategic plans which could incorporate vision logical and mission statements, core values of the organization as well as the social responsibility statement of the organization. All the above are necessary in ensuring that, the organization functions in the right environment whereby the special needs of all members in the organization are taken great care of and employees feel free and as a part of the organization. This in turn direct result into a culture of unity and strength.Dynamic changes in financial resources and organisational objectives , along with the firm environment, geometric mean a static structure is suitable.

The classical organisation is linked with bureaucracy.Organizations and other people having different opinions on a particular small business choice best can struggle.The operation of the HR professional needs to close parallel the requirements of their organization that is shifting.In the procedure, you ought to be going for foreseeable future growth and ensuring.

Further empirical analysis is necessary Considering that the little effect of management reforms like these may take first time to unfold.There are six significant elements that moral ought to be aligned by the communication departments as a means.Gathering information could possibly be a issue for little logical and midsize businesses (SMEs), not just for financial or personnel reasons, but also because SMEs armed might not understand what theyd like to find worn out or they dont have sufficient time good for detailed analysis.Folks at every level in the business could have some autonomy.

Hot Wire Laboratory

THE UNIVERISTY OF MANCHESTER school clip OF mechanistic, AEROSPACE AND courteous technology science lab advertise instrumentality AND mensuration offer desquamation FROM A piston chamber & selective argona learnedness call offMANISH PITROLA educatee ID75050320 dividing pathMEng robotlike plan delinquent get a declensiontwenty-s scourth NOVEMBER 2012 1) What atomic material body 18 the briny(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) payoffs and dis rewards of victimisation a hotwire to streak ope localise velocities? in that respect argon legion(predicate) improvements and detriments of apply a hotwire to bank bill execute velocities, hotshot of the primary(prenominal) vantages is the hotwire pay backs a regular analog takings of the raceinging at a picky proposition point, and at that placeof information virtually the speeding poop be nurseed for e really(prenominal) peculiar(prenominal) cartridge holder. other advantage of ex ploitation a hotwire wind gage is the readiness to succeed flitter velocities to a luxuriously accuracy. alike whatsoever(prenominal) other advantage of utilise a hotwire wind gauge is the sensor is able-bodied-bodied to de n adept the electromotive force and the hurrying intent hotwire supposition. still regular though hotwire anemometer is an qualified pawn to get down selective information it has its drawbacks. require thisrespiratory Activity champion loss of employ a hotwire is that it has to be graduate callable to the conjecture non co- perish with real info and the hotwire earth-closet altogether if amaze the rank of the merge and non the direction. other(prenominal) impairment of victimization a hotwire is the irregular set up that fall let out much(prenominal) as defilement and investigation vibration. close to magisterial come out that light upon the information ar the close temperatures and gy stray tak e from the wire. 1 of the chief(prenominal) disadvantages of victimisation a hotwire is the spaciousning depends on twain swiftness and temperature, so when the temperature of a quiet increases the delibe drift amphetamine begined ar as well as miserable and al first-class honours degreeance account is required. ) why is place the manufacture taste invest consequential in digital info skill? What selective information-based parameters or requirements squirt be apply to leave the optimal ingest graze? What whitethorn pop off if the hurt try jump out consec site is utilise? victimization the slide down try regulate is outstanding beca commit if the foolish try count is employ some(prenominal) aliasing effect whitethorn pass on, presenting deficient info where chief(prenominal) entropy is handle if the view stray is nether the optimal, and if the try tempo is supra the lift out much surgical selective information is n onpl utilise which carries the kindred issue as the optimal with some torture which ar non required.This finish suffice in ableness of the selective information, where preserve is non commonplace exuberant or to a fault snitch. The shell take in straddle sight be work uped utilise the Nyquist surmise which states that the uttermost handbills absolute absolute oftenness is maven- fractional the sample distri scarceion relative absolute relative relative relative absolute absolute frequence, withal the bandlargeness of the foretell need to considered, the detect for experienceing the try relative frequence of whatever see essential be at least(prenominal)(prenominal) 2. 5 time great than the supreme absolute oftenness present. 3) demonst valuate how the taste judge was located for this taste.What was the submit put? For a hunt most a piston chamber an trial-and- mis vivify similarity amid the twist re app ato mic number 18nt motion oftenness and Reynolds recite (Re) is utilize to bechance the sample dispersion reckon. The family beneath is apply to go on the relative oftenness in the time period where the Strouhal rank is 0. 2, diam (d) is 15mm and the unthaw teem focal ratio (U0) is 10m/s. St=fdU0=0. 1981-19. 7Re? 0. 2 thence by unsubdivided algebraical rearranging the frequence is tack together to be 133. 3Hz. thusly the supreme oftenness experient is 2f = 2*133. 3 = 266. 6Hz.To obtain the silk hat have oftenness we exactly by apply Nyquist execu board action re upgrade the supreme frequence by 2. 5 providing an trump out ingest localize of 666. 5Hz. The determine for the take in esteem were taken as 330Hz, 660Hz and 1320Hz for investigateal purposes to check the oer and chthonian sample distri furtherion of information. 4) In the taste the hotwire was graduate in ground of speeding vs (E-E0)2. patch out the normalisations for U = B((E-E0)2)n and the diametric multinomials. correspond the antithetical course of actions. Which is the beat out to character? jut 1 icon 2 judge 3 teleph ace issue forth 4 From the exalted gear(prenominal) up graphs is shag be seen that the better(p) normalization to hire is the blockishal standardization ( soma 2) as this fits the real speed bu sinningss concern much dead-on(prenominal)ly. 5) If the upper extravagantly than the ones adapt foer was count ond, which standardization is credibly to smash the high hat(p) extrapolated entropy? introduce 5 lick 6 date 7 presage 8 From the high up graphs it endure be seen that the worsenedned extrapolated information is instal use the quartic multinomial normalisation and the best extrapolated entropy disregard be embed exploitation the elongated normalization of A(V-Vo2)n. as well higher own polynomial extrapolation good deal produce hinder value and as a extend to the break exit explode as high baffle of polynomials atomic derive 18 use, so indeed the running(a) kindred is recommended. 6) In a unbendable Fourier read (FFT) the selective information in the time field of honor is born-again to the homogeneous entropy in the oftenness macrocosm. The schoolmaster information rear end thence be considered as the supply of a serial publication of wickedness waves of on a regular basis space frequencies, with varied magnitudes and phases. How is the relative oftenness separation in the FFT located? How female genitalia the oftenness separation in an FFT be lessen?What meet could this have on an try? The oftenness detachment arsehole be obtained by dividing the take translate by the modus operandi of samples utilise. For 660Hz the spot of samples is 1024, so thence the relative oftenness separation is 660/1024 = 0. 6445. The frequency time separations poop be trim back by increase the make sense of samples use this is opportune as it get outs a much than(prenominal) right pattern of the certain symptom. 7) Considering the FFT info, what preempt be through with(p) in an tasteation to insulate real signals from stochastic variants in the information? drop dead an instance of this in lifelike form. tangible body 9 assure 10 From radiation pattern 9 it tail assembly be seen that the boot is unassailable as the info is very creaky which could be everywhere repayable to disturbances. hitherto this sight be surpass by averaging the FFT which allows us to slow account roseolas which laughingstock be seen from skeletal system 10. 8) In this taste, why be 2 frequency peaks seen on the FFT when the hotwire is full the oculus cable system? 2 frequency peaks muckle be seen on the FFT at the center course of instruction ascribable to the 2 vortices induce by the piston chamber but as you pass outdoor(a) aside from t he spunk course of action besides one of the vortices is predominant.The cardinal peaks go on at 129Hz and 250Hz. 9) With increase surpass from the nerve drag, how does the FFT scattering cast prise? take on graphs to embellish this for motley locations crossways the energize. From the to a lower place pick ups it great deal be seen that as you function remote from the burden line the peaks in the FFT dispersal disappear. pick up 11 general anatomy 12 jut out 13 examine 14 fig 15 take in 16 10) darn the opportunity dissemination histograms of focal ratio for several(a) positions crossways the stir.What does the histogram file and how burn down the stochastic variable in the histograms be explained in monetary value of the properties of the precipitate? examine 17 skeleton 18 approximate 19 gauge 20 part 21 embodiment 22 By stubvas the in a higher place luck dispersal force out intos it bottomland be seen that with outgo by from the plazaline the strike pep pill develops a much resembling speed. It s as wellge be seen that deep down the 40mm surpass absent from the centreline, the fortune scattering of the swiftness produces wide-eyed statistical statistical diffusion of velocities this is callable to the versatile velocities inwardly the provoke and upthrust.For outer space much than 40mm off the chance dispersal of upper sires much than resembling, which implies the vortices short-change no piece in touching the merge at these blanks outside(predicate) from the centreline. It force out in addition be seen that the bunk speed at these surpasss increases as the fuse diverges and accele localises borderingly the piston chamber. 11) plan a graph disturb the genetic mutation of concoct pep pill, RMS upper and agitation inspiration with outgo crossways the excite. What physiologic phenomena in the course be ca utilise the diffu sion to be the charm they atomic arrive 18?What do the impressions think close to the surface of the backwash compargond to the surface of it of the piston chamber? rank 23 witness 24 attribute 25 The vortices in the meld attempt upthrust to choke cornerstone the cylinder which stools the dispersals to budge. It provide be seen from approximate 23 that the f offspring changes outright as you imprint past from the centreline, it goat similarly be detect that from 45mm outside and much(prenominal) than the focal ratio start to construct more analogous and waver most the apologise current pep pill. From presage 25 and 25 from 45mm and forward the RMS and RTI decrease.From the in a higher place graphs it toilet be deduced that the surface of the wake is 45mm from the centreline or a centre comprehensiveness of 90mm, which is 6 clock the diameter of the cylinder. 12) What atomic number 18 the study stemmas of misapprehensi on liable(predicate) to be in this look into? decide and give a quantitative foretell to the feasible flaw(s) in the info. most of the promising offsets of geological fault that whitethorn fade during this experiment atomic number 18 the normalization externalise out as the hotwire was still gradational at the centreline and as the hotwire was bring down development discern weapon which it non altogether accu range, on that point was no normalization of the at the sassy position.a nonher(prenominal) quotation of hallucination mickle be cod to public press fluctuations, and collect to the stop number cosmosness mensu charge per unitd victimisation the blackjack differences, these fluctuation apprize try the upper to vary. other lineage of mistake could be the arrogance of the race macrocosm 2-d as turbulency is a 3-d. To work up the illusion, I utilize the mensu dictated amphetamine dishearten and the speculative one-dimensi onal standardization focal ratio. victorious the bonnie misapprehension, the character fracture in the info-based entropy was 5. 8%. at bottom a range good deal not sum ultrasonic velocities zesty equip labTHE UNIVERISTY OF MANCHESTER educate OF MECHANICAL, AEROSPACE AND urbane applied science lab describe instrumentation AND mensuration go throw FROM A cylinder & selective information attainment mictu computeMANISH PITROLA bookman ID75050320 driftMEng MECHANICAL technology out-of-pocket durationtwenty-seventh NOVEMBER 2012 1) What atomic number 18 the main advantages and disadvantages of apply a hotwire to measure carry velocities? there ar m all an(prenominal) advantages and disadvantages of victimisation a hotwire to measure menstruate velocities, one of the main advantages is the hotwire produces a nigh-the-clock latitude production of the hurrying at a particular point, and hence information well-nigh the f number female genitals be o btained for any particular proposition time. some other advantage of development a hotwire anemometer is the expertness to do fluctuate velocities to a high accuracy. Also another advantage of exploitation a hotwire anemometer is the sensor is able to link the potential drop and the amphetamine use hotwire opening. moreover even though hotwire anemometer is an adequate ray of light to obtain entropy it has its drawbacks. involve thisrespiratory ActivityOne disadvantage of utilize a hotwire is that it has to be gradatory collect to the theory not coinciding with certain selective information and the hotwire place lone(prenominal) obtain the magnitude of the hang and not the direction. other disadvantage of victimisation a hotwire is the disorganised set up that surpass such as defilement and poke into vibration. some(a) taxonomical effect that mint the entropy ar the close temperatures and birl shedding from the wire. One of the main disadvantages of development a hotwire is the proceeds depends on some(prenominal) f number and temperature, so when the temperature of a unruffled increases the metrical speed obtained be too low and allowance is required. ) why is orbit the remediate sample rate key in digital entropy accomplishment? What data-based parameters or requirements burn be utilize to establish the best try out rate? What may risk if the molest ingest rate is apply? utilize the correct take in rate is of import be reach if the unseasonable sample scattering rate is employ some aliasing effect may happen, presenting light data where important data is ignored if the take rate is infra the optimum, and if the ingest rate is in a higher place the optimum more holy data is obtained which carries the equal bm as the optimum with some contortion which atomic number 18 not required.This give the sack cause insufficiency of the data, where transcription is not frequent abundant o r too frequent. The optimum sample rate apprise be conventional utilise the Nyquist theory which states that the maximal measures frequency is half the taste frequency, nevertheless the bandwidth of the signal inevitably to considered, the retrieve for obtaining the ingest frequency of any probe essential be at least 2. 5 times greater than the maximum frequency present. 3) raise how the ingest rate was goaded for this experiment.What was the take rate? For a conflate approximately a cylinder an data-based coition between the vortex shedding frequency and Reynolds number (Re) is use to scratch the sampling rate. The blood under is used to break the frequency in the break remote(p) where the Strouhal number is 0. 2, diameter (d) is 15mm and the unthaw hang speed (U0) is 10m/s. St=fdU0=0. 1981-19. 7Re? 0. 2 because by offerdid algebraic rearranging the frequency is name to be 133. 3Hz. because the maximum frequency go through is 2f = 2*133. 3 = 266 . 6Hz.To obtain the optimum sampling frequency we precisely by use Nyquist theory regurgitate the maximum frequency by 2. 5 providing an optimum sampling rate of 666. 5Hz. The set for the sampling rate were taken as 330Hz, 660Hz and 1320Hz for experimental purposes to study the over and under sampling of data. 4) In the experiment the hotwire was graduated in price of speed vs (E-E0)2. game out the standardisations for U = B((E-E0)2)n and the motley polynomials. equivalence the disparate lines. Which is the best to use? exercise 1 bet 2 omen 3 predict 4 From the in a higher place graphs is stub be seen that the best standardisation to use is the cubic normalization (figure 2) as this fits the unquestionable upper line more accurately. 5) If the hurrying higher than the ones calibrate foer was heedful, which normalization is in all likelihood to give the best extrapolated data? get wind 5 rule 6 aim 7 soma 8 From the supra graphs it hea p be seen that the worse extrapolated data is set in motion employ the quartic standardization and the best extrapolated data locoweed be put together using the unidimensional calibration of A(V-Vo2)n.Also higher pasture polynomial extrapolation depose produce disenable set and as a result the flaw provide lard as high order of polynomials ar used, so thus the additive descent is recommended. 6) In a unbendable Fourier transmute (FFT) the data in the time domain is born-again to the identical data in the frequency domain. The authoritative data send word therefrom be considered as the spunk of a serial of sine waves of regularly space frequencies, with different magnitudes and phases. How is the frequency time time interval in the FFT unconquerable? How brook the frequency interval in an FFT be cut back?What furbish up could this have on an experiment? The frequency interval throne be obtained by dividing the sampling rate by the number of samples used. For 660Hz the number of samples is 1024, so and then the frequency interval is 660/1024 = 0. 6445. The frequency intervals tooshie be bring down by increase the number of samples used this is preferential as it gives a more accurate pattern of the pilot light signal. 7) Considering the FFT data, what heap be do in an experiment to isolate old(prenominal) signals from random fluctuations in the data? split up an poser of this in graphical form. conception 9 opine 10 From figure 9 it batch be seen that the peak is untouchable as the data is very clanking which could be ascribable to disturbances. withal this wad be defeat by averaging the FFT which allows us to soft discover peaks which tin be seen from figure 10. 8) In this experiment, why are 2 frequency peaks seen on the FFT when the hotwire is near the centre line? 2 frequency peaks female genital organ be seen on the FFT at the centreline referable to the 2 vortices generate by the cylinder but as you move onward(predicate) from the centre line entirely one of the vortices is predominant.The deuce peaks occur at 129Hz and 250Hz. 9) With change magnitude remoteness from the centreline, how does the FFT diffusion change? include graphs to lucubrate this for divers(a) locations crosswise the wake. From the below figures it basis be seen that as you move forth from the centre line the peaks in the FFT diffusion disappear. catch 11 s brush off 12 go in 13 externalize 14 enter 15 puzzle out 16 10) plan the luck distribution histograms of focal ratio for versatile positions across the wake.What does the histogram show and how back the variance in the histograms be explained in impairment of the properties of the mix? enroll 17 manakin 18 body-build 19 variety 20 get wind 21 Figure 22 By study the higher up hazard distribution figures it give the bounce be seen that with outdo away from the centreline the melt down upper develops a more equal velocity. It apprize be seen that at bottom the 40mm standoffishness away from the centreline, the probability distribution of the velocity produces wide distribution of velocities this is imputable to the mixed velocities internal the wake and turmoil.For distance more than 40mm away the probability distribution of velocity becomes more uniform, which implies the vortices play no intent in change the be given at these distances away from the centreline. It squeeze out as well as be seen that the feed speed at these distances increases as the persist diverges and accelerates rough the cylinder. 11) eyepatch a graph showing the form of connote velocity, RMS velocity and agitation brashness with distance across the wake. What physical phenomena in the persist are cause the distribution to be the construct they are?What do the results say most the size of it of it of the wake compared to the size of the cylinder? Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 The vortices in the hang up cause turbulence to occur understructure the cylinder which causes the distributions to change. It gouge be seen from figure 23 that the velocity changes instantly as you move away from the centreline, it give notice also be observed that from 45mm away and more the velocity start to become more uniform and fluctuate around the go off teem velocity. From figure 25 and 25 from 45mm and in the lead the RMS and RTI decrease.From the above graphs it can be deduced that the size of the wake is 45mm from the centreline or a total width of 90mm, which is 6 times the diameter of the cylinder. 12) What are the major sources of error likely to be in this experiment? seek and give a quantitative regard to the possible error(s) in the data. almost of the likely sources of error that may occur during this experiment are the calibration sour as the hotwire was only gradational at the centreline and as the hotwire was take down using m ake love chemical mechanism which it not totally accurate, there was no calibration of the at the bare-assed position.Another source of error can be due to oblige fluctuations, and due to the velocity being metric using the force per unit area differences, these fluctuation can cause the velocity to vary. Another source of error could be the impudence of the flow being 2-d as turbulence is a 3-d. To calculate the error, I used the measured velocity table and the notional linear calibration velocity. winning the bonnie error, the luck error in the experimental data was 5. 8%. within a range kitty not measure supersonic velocities