The Five Functions of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Five Functions of Management - Essay Example According to Denhardt and Vinzant (2008), there are five functions of managers in any organization that must be undertaken effectively to ensure successive growth of any organization. The manager must perform the functions of planning, organizing, commanding, reporting and budgeting functions in an organization. These activities are the real meaning of management. They must be performed if enterprises are to achieve any meaningful growth in terms of revenue collection. At the place of work, the manager in his duty of planning makes sure that the organization moves on into the future effectively, the manager is also well organized. To the manager, planning is a full time event. He makes plans for the whole organization while other managers prepare plans for the departments they are in direct control of. In my organization, planning is one managerial function that is often easy to overlook. Some managers often get held up in the hectic pace of conversations, meetings, and deadlines; they therefore neglect their management duties. However, the most effective managers at the work place are aware of the time they take in carrying out planning activities, whether for the business or for their selves. Good planning practices by the general manager pay rich dividends to the organization. Planning is closely linked to the process of making decisions in the organization. The manager gets involved in any aspect of managerial work that cuts across several othe r areas (Koontz & Weihrich, 2006).... In any work place, planning is the primary function of the manager. All other duties come after planning since the manager first plans before he reacts. The manager determines in advance, the objectives and goals and coming up with a course of action in achieving the set objectives. To the manger, planning involves, looking ahead and deciding what is to be done, when and where it is to be undertaken (Randhawa, 2007). On his duty of organizing, the manager performs several other duties including the division of the organization into different departments, drafting levels in the organization’s hierarchy as well as making decisions on those responsible for certain areas and who to report to incase there are problems. At the work place, especially in specific departments or division, organizing involves the task of defining specific positions and jobs. Themanager does the duties of designing the job. However, the assignment of individuals to such positions involves the staffing ra ther than the organizing function of the manager (Randhawa, 2007). On staffing, the manager performs functions of recruiting, training and developing the skill of the new employees to the organization. Staffing functions are normally described as personnel management or in most cases, hum resources management. Tasks such as hiring, training and firing are examples of the of the staffing or personnel function that the manager undertakes at the work place. The manager, when dealing with employees, employs important communication skills and motivation as well as the capability to make informed choices about whom to recruit or hire into the organization (Rao, 1999). Further, the manager in ensuring the smooth running of the organization performs the functions of directing. Directing is the

Access to Special Education Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Access to Special Education - Case Study Example While there are numerous approaches which have been adopted in combating HIV/AIDS, it has become essential to enhance the general knowledge of the population regarding the disease. In Zimbabwe, 15% of the population in the country have been infected by the disease (UNAIDS, 2012). This is worrying statistic which requires immediate action for the country to achieve the MDG goal number 6 of the United Nations. While the country has made significant progress and resulted in reduction of people infected with the disease, there is still a challenge in developing a long term solution. The programmes adopted within the country to fight the epidemic are commonly spearheaded by the National AIDS Council (NAC), non- governmental organisations, and Intergovernmental organisations, academic and religious organizations. These organizations have achieved a significant impact in the fight against HIV/ AIDS within the country. An education programme focusing of the young people will be implemented seeking to integrate education on HIV/AIDS within the school curriculum. Both private and public schools are believed to have the capability and significant influence on the information spread among the young generations within the population. The integration of and education programme for AIDS will be critical in ensuring the young people understand the nature of the epidemic and specific actions which they can take in prevention of the disease. Specific emphasis on prevention will be focused on the adolescents and early adulthood when the people become sexually active. The scope of the content presented within this programme will be determined locally in order to ensure consistency with the community and parental values of the society. Community participation in the projects will be critical in the programme because of some controversial issues which regard social values and norms of the people. The disease

Evaluating my own teaching strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluating my own teaching strategy - Essay Example Linguistic differences and varying cultural backgrounds also pose a problem as far as communication and learning are concerned, since many students do not understand what they are reading, being unaware of he context within which the reading exercise is set. Physical education is one area where the sheer joy and energy expended on the field could form the framework within which learning activity could be enhanced. Metacognition: or thinking about the cognitive process. This is a strategy that is particularly helpful for students who are low achievers and need to become more aware before they start learning. I find it very relevant for my physical education classes, where I would therefore first help my students to become aware of their own bodies in relation to others and the manner in which reacts to gravity. This will make them aware of their own strengths and improve their performance when I begin to actually teach gym and games. Student self selected reading: By encouraging stude nts to discover which physical activities really interest them, they would be better equipped to join up and excel in physical activities of their choice. They could also read more about the athletes and activities that interest them and thereby develop a wider field of knowledge regarding physical activities. Most of the activities could also be assigned as homework, since their interest is likely to propel them into active practice and honing of their physical activity skills. Understanding context texts independently

Inventory Introduction Essay Example for Free

Inventory Introduction Essay An Undergraduate Thesis Manuscript submitted to the faculty of the Department of Communication Studies of Cavite City Campus, Cavite State University, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for ITEC200A- Undergraduate Thesis Part 1 for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Information Technology. Contribution no.___ Prepared under supervision of Mr. Norman Duarte. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, there are major changes that happened in our everyday lives. Since most of the changes are caused by the advances in technology, it is necessary for us, people to be familiar with the technological developments encountered today. Changes are inevitable and one should be able to go with the flow to stay in the business. Technology made a large contribution in the improvement of our life. Many businesses are engaging with the use of advance technology in order to become competitive. Through the use of modern technology, the work of an individual becomes easier and more accurate. The business world is fast changing that is imperative to stay ahead of the competition and empower your people with the tools and advancement that is available. The proponents noticed that the company named Homemart Builder’s Center Inc. is using the manual way for inventory of their items. Inventory system is one of the hardest and most important task in business or school transactions. Everything should be clearly and correctly stated based on the record of the company. This company which is located at Talaba IV Bacoor, Cavite started since the year of 1995. It takes time for them to search some files for the sales report because they have to do it manually. They find it hard also to retrieve those files stored in their file cabinets which they might lost because of certain chaos. See more: how to write an introduction paragraph for an essay Statement of the Problem This study seeks to create a system that would be used by businesses with regards to faster inventory transactions. This study tried to answer the following questions: 1. How to make an inventory transaction faster and more sufficient? 2. How they monitor the business performance? 3. How to make inventory of items much easier through the use of computerized inventory system? The system would help the staff of the company in terms of inventorying for much faster and efficient. It would be both beneficial to the owner especially for the buyer. To the owner, there will be a quick flow of business transactions. Significance of the Study The owners could easily check the increasing and decreasing items. The performance of the Company can also monitor through its sales report anytime needed. In addition, the program would help the owner with regards to their inventory since the monitoring stocks would be easier. Objectives of the Study Generally, the study aims to develop a system for Homemart Builder’s Center Inc. Specifically it aims to: 1. Create a Computerized Inventory System for the owner and employees of the company; 2. Make it easy monitoring the transaction and information of items. 3. Aimed to develop a Computerized Inventory System to increase a speed of service in terms of inventorying the items. 4. Monitor the performance of the company and also help the owner of the company on inventory of items in an easy and fastest way. Scope and Limitation The system was created only for the business of Homemart Builder’s Center Inc. The items will be inputted to the program through Item number. Price and quantity should also be inputted manually .It can update, delete and search information about the items. Have security featured specially to the owner’s file. The program will not include for other company’s use. The software can’t work without computer and electricity. It may not be applicable on items that do not have an Item Number or code. On the other hand, the items that do not have code will be manually inputted. Time and Place of the Study The study was conducted at Cavite State University Cavite City Campus from November 2012 to March 2013. Definition of Terms Inventory – It is the amount or value of a firm’s current assets that consist of raw materials, work in progress and finished goods; stock. System – a group or combination of interrelated, interdependent, or interacting elements forming collective entity; a methodical or coordinated assemblage of parts, facts, concept etc. Human Resource – the workface of an organization. Database – a systematized collection of data that can be accessed immediately and manipulated by a data- processing system for a specific purpose. Hardware It is a business that has metal tools, implements etc.esp cutlery or cooking utensils.

Analysis of selected passages from Othello by William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Analysis of selected passages from Othello by William Shakespeare Essay When William Shakespeare made use of the stylist devices he thus tried to paint a multi-dimensional image of his perceptions that he extended in his characters till the limits of reality and belief. And to design variety in this frame of multi-dimensionality Shakespeare not only expressed through the words in the lines which the characters uttered rather the formation of the words and the lines also revealed certain patterns that could be decoded to detect even more subtle reasons and justification behind those expressions. Such flow and expertise of expressing the conceptions cannot be taught easily through the science of writing rather it required the unschooled instinctive ability like Shakespeare’s to play with the words with a unique skill of potency that can metamorphosed the words to survive as the animated version of Shakespeare’s intellect and vision even after being uttered by the characters in the play. In the following excerpts from the play ‘Othello’, there is a variety of Shakespeare’s usage of stylistic devices to arrange words in order to express the difference of thoughts, moods, intensions and beliefs of the protagonist (Othello) and also how the use of such words in a specific style cater in constructing the plot and developing the characters. Theres magic in the web of it. A sybil that had numbered in the world The sun to course two hundred compasses, In her prophetic fury sewed the work; the worms were hallowed that did break the silk, And it was dyed in mummy which the skillful Conserved the maidens hearts. These lines are from the IV scene of the Third Act of the play, and they are uttered on the grounds of misunderstanding that is set by Iago in the mind of Othello. If we observe closely these lines summarize the truth that Othello is ignorant about and the words reveal the irony that Othello has become a victim of. The use of the words like â€Å"magic† and â€Å"web† are justifiable elements of the speech of a contaminated brain and the word â€Å"magic† can be the symbol of Iago’s spell of poisoning Othello’s mind with suspicion and â€Å"web† can be the symbol for the perplexed state of Othello’s mind, which lost the ability to think and trust his own reasons. And the two hundred years old â€Å"sibyl† can be a metaphor for the evil master minded Iago, whose â€Å"prophetic fury† fabricated the whole chaos to take his revenge. The â€Å"silk† can be speculated as a metaphor for the love of Desdemona that came out of her â€Å"hallowed† trust and faith. And the word â€Å"dyed† can be taken as a pun (when analyzing these lines from symbolic references), as the faithful and sacred love of Desdemona ‘dyed’ or â€Å"died† within her â€Å"maiden heart†. The worth and value purposely exaggerated by Othello is a fine example of hyperbolic fantasies that Shakespeare is capable of designing. And thus the handkerchief becomes the symbol of the thin threaded relationship of Othello and Desdemona that was based on superficial beliefs and yet sought the possibility of sustenance of their love. It is the cause, it is the cause, my soul, Let me no name it to you, you chaste stars It is the cause, Yet Ill not shed her blood, Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow, And smooth as monumental alabaster, The above mentioned lines are from the Act V Scene II and anaphoric beginning of this passage is Othello’s expression for his exalted emotional dichotomy of disbelief and love for Desdemona. The repetition of the phrase â€Å"it is the cause† are the words that come out of Othello’s weeping brain that has been so badly eclipsed by the poisoning suspicion injected by Iago that it had totally become impotent of thinking on its own. As these lines are uttered during the climax of the play thus it is quite typical of Shakespeare that he lends his protagonist with an ample energy to utter dramatic and highly emotional phrases which let them have catharsis. The desperate utterance of â€Å"my soul† by Othello shows that perhaps the only salvage left for his consolation is to confide in to his soul. Or â€Å"my soul† can also be taken as Othello’s address to Desdemona as it can be observed that Othello still loves her in these lines. And from the ironic aspect the first line also conveys the meaning that it is the â€Å"soul† of Othello that can be taken as the â€Å"cause† of the whole tragedy, because if Othello had really loved Desdemona from his soul he would have had a complete trust in her love and honesty but since he believed more what he listened to and less what was known to him thus he became the victim of suspicion that proved fatal for him and his love. In the proceeding line the address to the â€Å"stars† is made by Othello to mock at Desdemona’s infidelity. â€Å"Stars† have been used as a metaphor for their heavenly status for chastity. It can also be a reference to the Greek tradition of naming the stars by the names of their gods and goddesses. Thus as Othello has completely lost his trust in his wife thus he consider her reference to be an insult for the stars. These lines depict the imbalance of Othello’s power to reason and think and express in coherence with his flow of emotions. In the later lines he reveals his intension to kill Desdemona, but unlike his valiance as a general, he prefers to strangle her because her physical beauty still absorbs his feelings in love and compassion for her. And being a black man himself he admired her fair skin and he refers to her with two different categories of symbols. The use of â€Å"snow† as a simile conveys the softness and coldness of her fair physique which Othello never wanted to distort by killing with a weapon and the metaphor of â€Å"monumental alabaster† can be referred to the stiff and lifeless beauty of Desdemona that laid with no worth for Othello anymore. I have seen the day That with this little arm and this good sword I have made my way through more impediments Than twenty times your stop. But O vain boast! Who can control his fate? Tis not so now. Be not afraid, though you do see me weaponed. Here is my journeys end, here is my butt, And very seamark of my utmost sail. These lines are uttered in the Act V Scene II which is almost the resolution of the play and it is one of Shakespeare’s special characteristics that his tragic heroes lose the intensity and the energy of their rhetoric in the last scenes of the play. It is because of the reason that Shakespeare develops his tragic heroes to attain the status of being larger than life and thus speech loses its value when the characters become paranormal. In the above lines the most important aspect that one can notice is the tone of submission and retreat which is conveyed by the choice and arrangement of words like â€Å"little arm† â€Å"But O vain Boast!† and â€Å"Who can control this fate?† by Othello who was a valiant and unbeatable general but in these lines appears to be the defeated and subjugated one in the hands of fate. These lines though do not consist of any special rhyme scheme that would help in bringing an effective poetic impact whilst delivering these lines on the stage but the second line does show some signs of alliteration as the words â€Å"made my way through more impediments† as well as in the third line where the words â€Å"twenty times† are stressed and can be delivered with some high pitched voice by the character. But after these lines the tone changes as the desperation and despondency appear in the words. The last three lines are symbolically referred by Othello to his death. And despite he is â€Å"weaponed† yet he is incapable to fight as he desires death due to his lamenting guilt and in vain repentance. In the last line the use of the metaphor â€Å"seamark† is an appropriate expression for Othello’s choice of vocabulary as it adequately represents his experiences and knowledge as a sailor and warrior.

Neurons; semi-permeable membrane

Neurons; semi-permeable membrane Neurons are covered by a semi-permeable membrane that contains Ion Channels. These ion channels open and close to let positive ions, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), and negative ions, like chlorine (Cl-), enter the neuron. Ion channels are closed when the neuron is not transmitting information or is resting. Using a device called the oscilloscope, neuroscientists have found that the Resting Potential of a neuron (or the electrical charge of a resting neuron) is -70 millivolts (mV). Thus, an electric eel having 8,400 neurons can generate up to 588 V! Because a resting neuron is negatively charged in relation to its positive surrounding (that is, more negative ions are present inside the cell body of the neuron), a resting neuron is said to be polarized. However, when dendrites receive neurotransmitters from neighboring neurons, the ion channels open up and let positive ions depolarize the neuron. The Action Potential of a neuron (or the electrical charge of an activated neuron) depends upon the kind of neurotransmitter housed by the neuron. The qualitative differences between neurons result to variation in their voltage threshold. A depolarized neuron that has reached its voltage threshold â€Å"fires† at a level of intensity that remains unchanged, called the All-or-None principle, and as fast as 0.001 second. The brief wave of positively charged ions inside the neuron pushes the synaptic vesicles at the end of the terminal buttons, thereby releasing the neurotransmitters to the Synapse or the Synaptic Gap, the small gap between neurons. Neurotransmitters that are released in the synapse do not move in a predictive manner; rather, they randomly wander along the synaptic gap. Different neurotransmitters have different shapes, and the shapes serve as keys for opening the receptor sites at the dendrites of the receiving neuron. After the neurotransmitter activates the receiving neuron, they are then reabsorbed back in the synaptic vesicles of the terminal buttons of the releasing neuron. The re-absorption causes the neuron to get polarized and rest once again. In summary, the pre-synaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters that activate the post-synaptic neuron, which, in turn, releases neurotransmitters that can further activate other neighboring neurons. In this manner, electrical transmission is converted into chemical code, and back to electricity. This is the reason why the nervous system is characterized with electrochemical transmission. However, communication between neurons is not a linear path. Known as the Volley principle, a firing neuron can activate many neurons at once; vice versa, a neuron can be activated by the simultaneous firing of neurons that have different neurotransmitter types. Neurotransmitters are the chemicals released by a neuron to communicate with another neuron. They may be excitatory or inhibitory. Excitatory Neurotransmitters are those that activate other neurons to fire, while Inhibitory Neurotransmitters are those that restrain neurons to fire. There are currently fifty (50) discovered neurotransmitters. The six (6) types of neurotransmitters featured below are those that have major effects on behavior. * Acetylcholine or Ach is an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in muscular action, learning and memory. It is located throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. Low level of acetylcholine is associated with Alzheimers Disease, a degenerative disease wherein neurons die at a rate faster than normal. Up to date, no treatment has been found to cure this deadly disease. Drugs that supply ACh are only used to delay or reduce the rate of neuronal death. * Dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that controls voluntary movement, sleep, mood, attention and learning. Inhibition is a very important element for controlled action. Low level of dopamine is associated with Parkinsons Disease, wherein patients shake uncontrollably on different parts of the body. The disease is also degenerative, so that the shaking can range from mild to extremely uncomfortable. On the other hand, high level of dopamine is observed among schizophrenic patients. * Endorphinis an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in feelings of pleasure. Endorphins are called the natural opiates in the body and serve as pain killers especially on pregnant women during labor and delivery. High level of endorphins is also observed among long-distance runners and persons shocked from a traumatic accident. * Gamma Amino Butyric Acid or GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that controls the electrochemical communication among neurons. It is located only in the central nervous system, and fills one-third (1/3) of the brains synapses. Low level of GABA is associated with anxiety. * Norepinephrine is both inhibitory and excitatory. It controls alertness and regulates sleep and wakefulness with ACh. As an inhibitory neurotransmitter, norepinephrine acts like GABA in preventing neurons from firing uncontrollably. As an excitatory neurotransmitter, it activates the heart muscles, the intestine and the neuro-genital tract. (For more information on how norepinephrine affects the body, consider reading about the endocrine system from the article â€Å"What are the Biological Foundations of Behavior?†) Low level of norepinephrine is linked with depression, while high level of norepinephrine is associated with agitation and mania. * Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that works with Ach and norepinephrine in regulating sleep, mood, attention and learning. Just like norepinephrine, low level of serotonin is associated with depression.

Ability Tracking Essay -- Teaching Education

Ability Tracking Introduction If there is one general consensus among those who analyze America’s system of education, it is that we are lacking somewhere. Whether it’s in our inner-city schools, or rural districts, there is a distinct literacy dilemma that has yet to be resolved in our schools. Not only are we gravely behind other nations in our literacy rate and mathematics abilities, but there is also an increasing void within our schools. A method of segregation known as â€Å"ability grouping† has been a commonly used practice throughout the 90’s, and has changed the way in which primary and secondary school students are educated. The idea behind ability grouping, or tracking, is that â€Å"many school practitioners assume that grouping by ability promotes student’s achievement because, it is argued, all students learn best when grouped with students of similar capabilities or levels of achievement.†(Perceptions) There are many arguments for either side, thus begging the question â€Å"is ability grouping an efficient way to handle differences in student abilities?†(Education World) Contrary to today’s popular opinion, which naturally runs against the current educational structure of our schools, I believe ability tracking is an effective and worthwhile means of educating our youth, for a variety of reasons. Ability tracking promotes academic achievement, quality instruction, and is a means of student motivation. Unfortunately, those who do not participate willingly in the tracking program can easily become lost or distraught with the system. This having been said, I don’t d eny the fact that many improvements can be made to the existing system as a means of expanding and providing opportunities to all those who desire success. Academic Achievement In an essay, Anne Wheelock, a prominent education critic writes, â€Å"Tracking does not result in the equal and equitable distribution of effective schooling among all students. Instead, tracking allocates the most valuable school experiences -- including challenging and meaningful curriculum, engaging instruction, and high teacher expectations -- to students who already have the greatest academic, economic, and social advantages†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This having been said, I found my high school experiences to be much different than that. I attended a primarily middle-class school in Sacramento, CA, with students f... ...h ability grouping, contrary to the post-modern belief of many proponents of â€Å"de-tracking† our schools. Granted there are many flaws (as there would be in any education system), but once we work through those flaws, such as social and racial prejudice, ability grouping will take our society to new heights. We are on the right track. Bibliography: â€Å"Tracking†, http://www.edweek.org/context/topics/tracking.htm, Copyright 2000, Editorial Projects in Education Chen-Lin C. Kulik and James A. Kulik, "Effects of Ability Grouping on Secondary School Students: A Meta-Analysis of Evaluation Findings," American Educational Research Journal, 19 (1982) Jeannie Oakes, Kevin Welner, and Susan Yonezawa, "Mandating Equity: A Case Study of Court-Ordered Detracking in San Jose Schools." From the California Policy Seminar Brief Series, March 1998, Available online at: http://www.ucop.edu/cps/oaks.html. Tom Loveless, â€Å"The Tracking and Ability Grouping Debate†, The Thomas B. Fordham Foundation. http://www.edexcellence.net/library/track.html Heidi Schweingruber â€Å"The Perception of Ability Differences in U.S. Education†, http://www.ed.gov/pups/Research5/United States/perception.html